Automatic software production system

ABSTRACT

An automated software production system is provided, in which system requirements are captured, converted into a formal specification, and validated for correctness and completeness. In addition, a translator is provided to automatically generate a complete, robust software application based on the validated formal specification, including user-interface code and error handling code.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims subject matter that is related to the subjectmatter claimed in two other continuation-in-part applications entitled“Automatic Software Production System”, filed on Jun. 1, 2001 and Apr.4, 2000, and having Ser. Nos. 09/872,413 and 09/543,085, now U.S. Pat.Nos. 7,278,130 and 6,681,383, respectively.

This is a divisional application under 37 CFR 1.53(b) of a prior U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/872,413, filed Jun. 1, 2001 now U.S. Pat.No. 7,278,130 (now allowed), which was a continuation-in-partapplication of a prior U.S. patent application filed 4 Apr. 2000, Ser.No. 09/543,085 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,681,383). The present inventionrelates to computer systems and more particularly to an automaticsoftware production system and methodology.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX

The assembly code computer program listing having file name TOTAL.ASMsize 39,107,073 bytes, created on May 23, 2001 which was submitted induplicate with this patent application on a single CD-ROM is herebyincorporated by reference. The file is in TXT format on a disccompatible with IBM-PCs and the Windows 98 operating system, and can beopened by any word processor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Software engineering is the application of a systematic and disciplinedapproach to the development and maintenance of computer programs,applications, and other software systems. Due to the increasingcomputerization of the world's economy, the need for effective softwareengineering methodologies is more important than ever.

The traditional software development process involves a number ofphases. First, the requirements of the program are specified, typicallyin the form of a written specification document based on customer needs.Then, a software developer writes source code to implement therequirements, for example, by designing data structures and coding thesystem logic. Finally, the software developer undergoes an extensivetesting and debugging phase in which mistakes and ambiguities in therequirements are identified and errors in the software code are fixed.Having to refine the system requirements is one of the most seriousproblems that might occur, because any modification to the requirementsnecessitates a redevelopment of the source code, starting the processall over again. Thus, the testing and debugging phase is the longestphase in the software engineering process and the most difficult toestimate completion times.

For the past forty years, there have been many attempts to improveisolated portions of the software engineering process. For example, thecreation of first higher-level languages such as FORTRAN and then ofstructured programming languages such as ALGOL has helped ease theburden of implementing the system logic. As another example, theintroduction of object-oriented methodologies has helped in the designand implementation of the data structures. These improvements in thesoftware engineering process have lessened the mismatch between theproblem space, which is the Conceptual Model for the application, andthe solution space, which is the actual software code. Nevertheless,some mismatch between the problem space and the solution space remains,which gives rise to an opportunity for programming errors. Because ofthe programming errors, it is necessary to undergo an extensive testingand debugging phase to isolate and fix the software faults.

Lately, there has been some interest in the use of “requirementsanalysis” and Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) to facilitatethe first phase of the software engineering process, which is theidentification and specification of the requirements. In particular,these approaches attempt to allow for software engineers to formallyspecify the requirements and build a prototype to validate and test therequirements. After the requirements are tested, the prototype isdiscarded and the software engineer develops the complete softwareapplication based on the requirements.

One example is known as “OMTROLL”, whose objective is to assist softwaredesigners by means of an Object Modeling Technique (OMT)-compliantgraphical notation to build the formal specification of the system. Thisspecification is based on the TROLL specification language and has to berefined to a complete system specification. In addition, OMTROLL has aCASE support called TrollWorkbench, which provides a prototypingfunction by generating an independently executable prototype from agraphical conceptual specification. The prototype generated is a C++program that includes the static/dynamic aspects of the system and usesan Ingress database as a repository of the specification.

OBLOG is another object-oriented approach for software development thatfalls within the scope of the European ESPRIT project IS-CORE(Information Systems-Correctness and Reusability). The OBLOG semanticsis formalized in the context of the theory of categories. OBLOG alsoemploys a CASE tool for introducing the specifications that has beenintroduced, and enables a developer to build a prototype by supplyingrewrite rules to convert the specifications into code for the prototype.The rewrite rules must be written using a specific language provided byOBLOG.

Another approach that focuses more on levels of formalism is the ObjectSystem Analysis model (OSA). The aim of OSA is to develop a method thatenables system designers to work with different levels of formalism,ranging from informal to mathematically rigorous. In this context, thiskind of tunable formalism encourages both theoreticians andpractitioners to work with the same model allowing them to explore thedifficulties encountered in making model and languages equivalent andresolve these difficulties in the context of OSA for a particularlanguage. OSA also has a CASE support tool called IPOST, which cangenerate a prototype from an OSA model to validate the requirements.

A different approach has been proposed by SOFL(Structured-Object-based-Formal Language), whose aim is to address theintegration of formal methods into established industrial softwareprocesses using an integration of formal methods, structured analysisand specifications, and an object-based method. SOFL facilitates thetransformation from requirements specifications in a structured style toa design in an object-based style and facilitates the transformationfrom designs to programs in the appropriate style. In accordance withthe previous arguments, the SOFL proposal attempts to overcome the factthat formal methods have not been largely used in industry, by findingmechanisms to link object-oriented methodology and structured techniqueswith formal methods, e.g. VDM (Vienna Development Method) stylesemantics for its specification modules. Combining structured andobjected-oriented techniques in a single method, however, makes itdifficult to clarify the method semantics; thus, effective tool supportis necessary for checking consistency.

Still another approach is known as TRADE (Toolkit for Requirements andDesign Engineering), whose conceptual framework distinguishes externalsystem interactions from internal components. TRADE contains techniquesfrom structured and object-oriented specification and design methods. Agraphical editor called TCM (Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling) isprovided to support the TRADE framework.

Although these approaches are of some help for the first phase, i.e. inrefining the requirements before the computer application is coded, theydo not address the main source for the lack of productivity during laterphases of the software engineering process, namely the programming andtesting/debugging phases. For example, once the requirements areidentified, the software engineer typically discards the prototypegenerated by most of these approaches and then designs and implementsthe requirements in a standard programming language such as C++. Thenewly developed code, due to the mismatch between the problem space andthe solution space, will commonly contain coding errors and will need tobe extensively tested and debugged.

Even if the prototype is not discarded and used as skeleton for thefinal application, the software developer must still develop additionalcode, especially to implement the user interface and error processing.In this case, there still remains the need for testing and debugging thecode the programmer has written. The rule-rewriting approach of OBLOG,moreover, fails to address this need, because the difficultiesassociated with programming are merely shifted one level back, to thedevelopment of the rewriting rules in an unfamiliar, proprietarylanguage.

Other approaches include those of Rational and Sterling, but these arenot based on a formal language.

Therefore, there exists a long-felt need for improving the softwareengineering process, especially for reducing the amount of time spent inthe programming and testing phases. In addition, a need exists for a wayto reducing programming errors during the course of developing a robustsoftware application. Furthermore, there is also a need for facilitatingthe maintenance of software applications when their requirements havechanged.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other needs are addressed by the present invention.

There are at least three points of novelty that represent separatesubsystems or subgenus inventions in an overall system employing theteachings of the invention.

The first point of novelty is the front end processing to create what isreferred to herein as the Conceptual Model in a formal language orsymbology (that can be represented by a data structure in a computer andwhich has rules that can be used for validation) that can be validatedto make sure the Conceptual Model is syntactically complete,semantically correct and not ambiguous. That is, the validation processfinds holes left in information needed to complete the Conceptual Modelof the problem, makes sure everything in the formal specification makessense (semantically correct) and makes sure no ambiguities exist. TheConceptual Model is typically written as statements in any known or newformal language which has rules of syntax and semantics (togetherreferred to as grammar) which are known to the validator. It is theserules of syntax and semantics that the validator uses to verify thecompleteness, correctness and lack of ambiguity of the formalspecification.

A formal language is a language: 1) there is an agreed upon syntax toevery statement defining the proper structure of the component parts ofthe statement; and 2) there is agreed upon semantics meaning that everyterm is defined and has one and only one meaning. An example of knownformal language is Oasis. It is these characteristics of the formallanguage in which the Conceptual Model is recorded in a high levelrepository which allow the Conceptual Model to be validated. Validationis an important process in the front end processing, because it isvalidation which guarantees that the problem to be solved by the code tobe written has been stated in complete, correct and non ambiguous terms,and it is these factors which lead to complete, correct and bug-freecode.

Known formal languages do not have to be used, and some new symbologymay be used to record the Conceptual Model. However, whatever symbologyis used, it must have the three above defined characteristics of aformal language and therefore the symbology would be a new formallanguage of its own. Thus, the term formal language in the claims isintended to mean any known or new formal language which is defined bythe following characteristics: 1) there is an agreed upon syntax toevery statement; and 2) there is agreed upon semantics to everystatement. Syntax is the fixed and agreed upon structure of statementsin the model. In the non formal English language, syntax is defined inthe American Heritage Dictionary as “The study of the rules wherebywords or other elements of sentence structure are combined to formgrammatical sentences.” Alternatively, syntax is defined as “The patternof formation of sentences or phrases in a language.” Semantics is themeaning of various parts of the formal language or symbology statements.In a formal language or symbology that must be used to practice theinvention, semantics means everything is defined and has one and onlyone meaning so there can be no ambiguity caused by multiple meanings forthe same term.

The combination of syntax and semantics is referred to herein as thegrammar of the formal language. A formal language may, in some ways, bethought of as mathematically based such that it can be mathematicallyvalidated to make sure that every needed concept, argument or value ispresent and there are no inconsistencies in the information gathered andthe gathered information is not ambiguous.

In the preferred species described herein, the process of creating theConceptual Model is done using a graphical user interface to representthe various objects, etc. that comprise the model visually. In otherembodiments, the Conceptual Model may be drafted directly in a formallanguage using a plain old text-based interface or any word processingapplication. This is done by a SOSY modeler after determining the natureof the problem to be solved and all the other information needed tomodel the code to be written in a formal language. As long as theConceptual Model is written in a formal language, it can be validated,and that validation process is a key factor in generating complete anderror free code. This substantially reduces the time to market for theapplication's final code.

The applicants feel that the front end processing to generated a highlevel repository in a formal language that records the details of theConceptual Model is an invention standing alone. This is because thishigh level repository can be coded manually and there will be far fewererrors caused by incomplete information, ambiguous terms, etc.

To automatically write a complete working program from the formalspecification requires at least one translator program that controlssaid computer to process the formal specification into working code insome target computer language such as Visual Basic, C++, assembly codefor any microprocessor, etc. At least a system logic translator isrequired to convert the requirements of the formal specification intoworking code that can be interpreted or compiled into a program that cancontrol a computer to do the functions modelled in the Conceptual Model.In some applications where, for example, the program to be written isburied inside a big machine such as an MRI machine and there is no userinterface and no data structure or persistence layer needed, the singletranslator may be enough.

However, the preferred species uses four translators which process thehigh level repository into working system logic code in the targetlanguage, a user interface, a database schema and documentation. Inother words, regardless of how the Conceptual Model created by the frontend processing is translated into working code, the process of creatingthe Conceptual model (comprised of the Object Model, the Dynamic Model,the Functional Model and the Presentation Model) and validating it isbelieved to be new.

It is the agreed upon syntax and semantics of the formal language orsymbology in which the data elements in the Conceptual Model areexpressed which allows the Conceptual Model of the problem to be solvedto be validated. Validation means that there are no missing elements ofdata needed to complete the model, all mathematical expressions are wellformed and make sense, and all statements in the model are semanticallycorrect and made in the correct syntax, and that there are noambiguities. For example, if a statement in the model attempted to add afloating point number to an alphanumeric string, that would besemantically incorrect, and would be detected in the validation process.

All species in the front end subgenus will share the characteristic ofcreating a Conceptual Model of the problem to be solved in an alreadyknown formal language or in a new language with agreed upon syntax andsemantics such that the model can be validated as complete, correctlystated semantically speaking and not ambiguous.

The validation process does not confirm that the model created correctlymodels the problem. That is up to the SOSY modeler, also referred toherein as the “user” (a person trained in creation of Conceptual Modelsand trained in the syntax and semantics of the formal language orsymbology being used if a graphical user interface is not being used)that gathers the data and rules of the problem that get encoded into theConceptual Model. The validation process simply applies all the rules ofthe syntax and semantics to the statements in the formal language thatgive the definition of every object and class to make sure allstatements are complete, semantically correct and not ambiguous.

The second point of novelty subgenus relates to how the Conceptual Modelis actually built by the SOSY modeler. In the preferred species withinthis first subgenus, the Conceptual Model is built by using a graphicaluser interface to define objects and relationships between objects,state transitions and most if not all the other items that go into theConceptual Model that is encoded into the formal language. This justmakes it easier for the SOSY modeler to use the formal language byalleviating the need for the SOSY modeler to know all the details of thesyntax and semantics of the formal language. In other species within thefirst subgenus however, the SOSY modeler can use a text based interfaceor any other type of interface to record the statements which togethercomprise the Conceptual Model.

The only things that are essential to the invention of the first pointof novelty are that the Conceptual Model be recorded in some formallanguage and that it be validated. Exactly how these events occur in aparticular species within the first subgenus is not critical. Forexample, some validation processes within the first subgenus may startwith one rule and apply it to every statement in the high levelrepository (the formal language statements that encode the ConceptualModel) in a first pass and then do the same thing for every other ruleof syntax and semantics in the formal language definition. Other speciesmay start with the first statement in the high level repository andapply all the rules against it and repeat this process for everystatement. Other species may start at the first statement and process itto make sure it complies with every applicable rule and then repeat thisprocess for every other statement.

The third point of novelty is the backend processing to convert thestatements in the high level repository to working system logic codetargeted for some specific platform, operating system and high levellanguage, and a user interface (if applicable) and a database (ifapplicable) and documentation (if applicable). This is the work done bytranslators.

There are four translators used in most applications: a system logictranslator; a user interface translator; a database generator; and adocumentation generator. The system logic translator represents one ormore processes that convert the statements in the high level repositoryinto computer code that implements the system logic in the targetlanguage that makes the correct function calls to the target operatingsystem to accomplish various functions required by the Conceptual Model.In other words, the system logic translator is a translator that writesthe code that actually carries out the processing of all the servicesdefined in the objects defined by the Conceptual Model to alter thevalues of attributes of various objects, call services of other objects,etc. to carry out the overall function of the program.

An object is a programming construct that has data in the form ofattributes and services which are programs which control the computer todo whatever function the service is designed to do. The services definedfor an object carry out processing appropriate to the existence andmeaning of the object in the overall Conceptual Model and, generally,are invoked through application programmatic interfaces or APIs.

The details of the structure and operation of the translator specieswithin the subgenus “system logic translator” vary from one input formallanguage and one output target language to the next, but all specieswithin the “system logic translator” subgenus share certaincharacteristics. All species will have to: provide the object systemview; identify the object server code that executes each service definedfor each object; receive the service arguments; send a message to eachobject server; check the state transitions; check the preconditions;fulfill valuations defined in each object; check integrity constraints;and test trigger relationships. What these characteristics mean will bedescribed in greater detail in the detailed description section.

There is also a translator that defines the structure of a database(referred to herein as a persistence) that stores the values of all theattributes of all objects thereby defining the state of every object.Although the details of various species vary with formal language of theinput and the target database type, all species within this subgenus ofdatabase translators share the following characteristics: 1) all specieswill get the values of all attributes of all the objects in all theclasses; and 2) all species will store these attribute values at anyparticular point in time in the desired form or data structure such thatthe value of any attribute of any object can be obtained by the systemlogic.

There is also a translator that creates documentation. Again, thedetails of the species within this subgenus vary from one type of targetlanguage and desired documentation to the next, but all species withinthis subgenus will share the following characteristics: 1) all specieswill go to the four models that are part of the Conceptual Model andcopy the information from the models that is needed to generate therequired documentation such as object definitions, class names anddefinitions, etc.; and 2) write the required documentation in apredetermined file format. In some species, the system will go to a datamodel or configuration data to determine which documentation to produce,and then perform steps 1 and 2 above.

Finally, there is also a genus of translators that create code toimplement the user interface if a user interface is needed for theprogram being developed. However, some species of the overall system ofthe invention create code which works inside some apparatus in a mannerwhich is not visible to the user so there is no user interface. Suchsystem species do not need a user interface translator. All specieswithin the subgenus of user interface translators will share thefollowing characteristics: 1) all species will at least identify theuser; 2) provide a object system view that is appropriate to the userthat logged in and only allows that user to perform functions withinthat user's privilege level; 3) write code to identify the correctobject server(s), i.e., the computer program that implements theparticular service(s) the user is allowed to and has elected to invoke;4) write code to request and receive or retrieve from sources other thanthe user the service arguments needed to invoke the service the userwishes to invoke and check whether the input received is valid or withina valid restricted range and to check for dependencies (if dependenciesexist) between arguments and, if a dependency exists, and a user inputtriggers a dependency, to display the appropriate field to enter theneeded to satisfy the dependency; 5) write code to invoke the serviceand send the service the appropriate arguments; and 6) wait for resultsand display an error message if an error has occurred, or, if no errorhas occurred, display any results which result from execution of theservice and then wait for another user input.

Each species in a subgenus will do the generically stated functions thatdefine the subgenus, but will do them in a different way which isdependent upon the target platform, operating system and high levellanguage in which the output is to be generated.

The system of the example described in the detailed description below,both the front end and back end (translation) processing is implemented.The front end processing captures the system requirements graphically(e.g. through a graphical user interface), converts the four models socreated into a formal specification, and validates a high levelrepository written in a formal language from the four models forcorrectness and completeness. In the back end processing, a translatoris provided to automatically generate a complete, robust softwareapplication based on the validated formal specification.

By generating the application code from the validated formalspecification, error-free source code strategies can be employed,freeing the developer from having to manually produce the source code orextend an incomplete prototype. Therefore, the error-prone, manualprogramming phase of the traditional software engineering process iseliminated, and the testing and debugging time is greatly reduced. Inone example, the software development time of an application was reducedto 2.02% (or 8.5% worst case) of the original time. In other words,performance has been benchmarked by a reputable software tool evaluationcompany to be 12 to 47 times faster than similar projects using othercompeting software products. Software maintenance is also reduced,because the traditional coding, testing, and revalidation cycles areeliminated.

One aspect of the present invention springs from the insight thatambiguity is a major source of programming errors associated withconventional object-oriented and higher-order programming languages suchas C++. Accordingly, an automated software production tool, software,and methodology are provided, in which a graphical user interface ispresented to allow a user to input unambiguous formal requirements forthe software application. Based on the formal requirements input for thesoftware application, a formal specification for the softwareapplication is produced and validated, from which the softwareapplication is generated. By generating the software applicationdirectly from an unambiguous, validated formal specification, thesoftware developer can avoid the programming errors associated withconventional programming languages, and instead work directly in theproblem space. In one embodiment, error handling instructions are alsoproduced when the software application is generated so as to create arobust, final software application.

Another aspect of the present invention stems from the realization thata major source of inadequacy of conventional prototyping techniques isthat these techniques lack the capability to specify the user interfaceaspects. Thus, such conventional prototypes have primitive userinterfaces that are unacceptable for final, customer-ready softwareapplication. Accordingly, this aspect of the invention relates to anautomated software production tool, software, and methodology thatincludes a formal specification of a Conceptual Model that specifiesrequirements for a software application. The Conceptual Model includes apresentation model that specifies patterns for a user interface of thesoftware application. The formal specification, which also specifies thepresentation model is validated; and the software application is thengenerated based on the validated formal specification. As a result, thegenerated software application includes instructions for handling theuser interface in accordance with the patterns specified in thepresentation model.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by wayof limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in whichlike reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a computer system that can be used to implement anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the high-levelarchitecture and data flows of an automatic software production systemin accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an object model for a library systemwith readers, books, and loans.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary state transition diagram in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary object interaction diagram inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary dialog for receiving input for thefunctional model.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the high level view of theoperation of translating a formal specification into a full applicationby following what it is referred to as “execution model”.”

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram representing the sequence of functions that alltranslators in the subgenus of user interface translators will perform.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the functions that all species of the subgenusdatabase translator 236 must perform.

FIG. 9A is a screenshot of the dialog box to create the class whichsimply involves giving it a name.

FIG. 9B is screenshot of a graphic interface box showing the classesthat have been defined to store the pertinent information and providethe pertinent services to implement a computer program that meets theabove defined requirements. Defining these classes starts the process ofbuilding the Formal Specification in the high level repository.

FIG. 9C is a screenshot of the dialog box to modify the properties of anaggregation relationship between any two classes specified in the dialogbox.

FIG. 10 is a dialog box to create the relationships between specifiedclasses and which graphically shows the relationships so created and allthe properties of those relationships.

FIG. 11(A) shows the dialog box used to define the attributes for theExpense class with their properties. This dialog box is used to definewhether each attribute is constant, variable or derived, the type ofdata it contains and other things.

FIG. 11(B) is the dialog box used to fill in the formulas used forderivation of the values of attributes of classes from the values ofother attributes.

FIG. 12 shows a dialog box which a SOSY modeler uses to define theservices of the Expense class with their arguments.

FIG. 13 is a screenshot of the dialog box used to create one formula ina local transaction carried out by a composed service (single servicesare called events, and composed services are called local transactions).

FIG. 14 a dialog box used by the modeler to enter the integrityconstraint formula and error message text of “Expense” class.

FIG. 15 is a dialog box to enter the functional model formulas thatdefine evaluation of the attribute “cause” with the “modify” event (anevent is a single service). The functional model relates servicesmathematically through well-formed formulas to the values of attributesthese services act upon.

FIG. 16 is a dialog box which can be used by the SOSY modeller toestablish the services the user “accountuser” can access and thevisibility of class attributes for this user on the user interface.

FIG. 17 is one of the two graphical user interface diagrams of thedynamic model on which the SOSY modeler has drawn a graphic illustratingthe state transitions for the “expense” class.

FIG. 18 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish thisprecondition.

FIG. 19 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish the set ofattributes which will be displayed for the “expense” class.

FIG. 20 shows the dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish thesearching criteria for the expense class, and indicate the filterformula to use and which variables to request from the user.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram defining the characteristics that all speciesin the genus of user documentation translators will share.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

An automatic software production system is described. In the followingdescription, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific detailsare set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of thepresent invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in theart that the present invention may be practiced without these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shownin block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring thepresent invention.

Hardware Overview

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system 100 uponwhich an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system100 includes a bus 102 or other communication mechanism forcommunicating information, and a processor 104 coupled with bus 102 forprocessing information. Computer system 100 also includes a main memory106, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storagedevice, coupled to bus 102 for storing information and instructions tobe executed by processor 104. Main memory 106 also may be used forstoring temporary variables or other intermediate information duringexecution of instructions to be executed by processor 104. Computersystem 100 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 108 or other staticstorage device coupled to bus 102 for storing static information andinstructions for processor 104. A storage device 110, such as a magneticdisk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus 102 for storinginformation and instructions.

Computer system 100 may be coupled via bus 102 to a display 112, such asa cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user.An input device 114, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupledto bus 102 for communicating information and command selections toprocessor 104. Another type of user input device is cursor control 116,such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicatingdirection information and command selections to processor 104 and forcontrolling cursor movement on display 112. This input device typicallyhas two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and asecond axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in aplane.

The invention is related to the use of computer system 100 for automaticsoftware production. According to one embodiment of the invention,automatic software production is provided by computer system 100 inresponse to processor 104 executing one or more sequences of one or moreinstructions contained in main memory 106. Such instructions may be readinto main memory 106 from another computer-readable medium, such asstorage device 110. Execution of the sequences of instructions containedin main memory 106 causes processor 104 to perform the process stepsdescribed herein. One or more processors in a multi-processingarrangement may also be employed to execute the sequences ofinstructions contained in main memory 106. In alternative embodiments,hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination withsoftware instructions to implement the invention. Thus, embodiments ofthe invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardwarecircuitry and software.

The term “computer-readable medium” as used herein refers to any mediumthat participates in providing instructions to processor 104 forexecution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limitedto, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media.Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, suchas storage device 110. Volatile media include dynamic memory, such asmain memory 106. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wireand fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus 102.Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves,such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR)data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include,for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape,any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium,punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns ofholes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip orcartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other mediumfrom which a computer can read.

Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying oneor more sequences of one or more instructions to processor 104 forexecution. For example, the instructions may initially be borne on amagnetic disk of a remote computer. The remote computer can load theinstructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over atelephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system 100 canreceive the data on the telephone line and use an infrared transmitterto convert the data to an infrared signal. An infrared detector coupledto bus 102 can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and placethe data on bus 102. Bus 102 carries the data to main memory 106, fromwhich processor 104 retrieves and executes the instructions. Theinstructions received by main memory 106 may optionally be stored onstorage device 110 either before or after execution by processor 104.

Computer system 100 also includes a communication interface 118 coupledto bus 102. Communication interface 118 provides a two-way datacommunication coupling to a network link 120 that is connected to alocal network 122. For example, communication interface 118 may be anintegrated services digital network (ISDN) card or a modem to provide adata communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line.As another example, communication interface 118 may be a local areanetwork (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to acompatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any suchimplementation, communication interface 118 sends and receiveselectrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital datastreams representing various types of information.

Network link 120 typically provides data communication through one ormore networks to other data devices. For example, network link 120 mayprovide a connection through local network 122 to a host computer 124 orto data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 126.ISP 126 in turn provides data communication services through theworldwide packet data communication network, now commonly referred to asthe “Internet” 128. Local network 122 and Internet 128 both useelectrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital datastreams. The signals through the various networks and the signals onnetwork link 120 and through communication interface 118, which carrythe digital data to and from computer system 100, are exemplary forms ofcarrier waves transporting the information.

Computer system 100 can send messages and receive data, includingprogram code, through the network(s), network link 120, andcommunication interface 118. In the Internet example, a server 130 mighttransmit a requested code for an application program through Internet128, ISP 126, local network 122 and communication interface 118. Inaccordance with the invention, one such downloaded application providesfor automatic software production as described herein. The received codemay be executed by processor 104 as it is received, and/or stored instorage device 110, or other non-volatile storage for later execution.In this manner, computer system 100 may obtain application code in theform of a carrier wave.

Conceptual Overview

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the high-levelarchitecture and data flows of an automatic software production system202 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Theautomatic software production system 202 is configured to acceptrequirements 200 as input, and produce a complete, robust application204 (including both system logic and user-interface code), a databaseschema 206, and documentation 208. In one implementation, the automaticsoftware production system 202 includes a Computer Aided SoftwareEngineering (CASE) tool 210 front end to allow a user to input therequirements, a validator 220 for validating the input requirements 200,and several translators to convert the validated input requirements 200into a complete, robust application 204. These translators may include asystem logic translator 232, a user-interface translator 234, a databasegenerator 236, and a documentation generator 238.

During operation of one embodiment, requirements 200 specifying aConceptual Model for the application are gathered using diagrams andtextual interactive dialogs presented by the CASE tool 210. Preferably,the CASE tool 210 employs object-oriented modeling techniques to avoidthe complexity typically associated with the use of purely textualformal methods. In one implementation, the Conceptual Model issubdivided into four complementary models: an object model, a dynamicmodel, a functional model, and a presentation model. These models aredescribed in greater detail hereinafter. After gathering therequirements 200, the CASE tool 210 stores the input requirements as aformal specification 215 in accordance with a formal specificationlanguage, for example, the OASIS language, which is an object-orientedlanguage for information systems developed at developed at the TechnicalUniversity of Valencia, Spain. Using extended grammar defined by theformal language, the validator 220 syntactically and semanticallyvalidates the formal specification 215 to be correct and complete. Ifthe formal specification 215 does not pass validation, no application isallowed to be generated; therefore, only correct and completeapplications are allowed be generated.

If, on the other hand, the formal specification 215 does indeed passvalidation, automatic software production processes, some of thereferred to as “translators” (system logic and user interface ones) areemployed to implement a precise execution model that corresponds to thevalidated formal specification 215. In particular, translators 232 and234 produce application source code 204 in a high-order language such asC++, Visual Basic or JAVA for the application's system-logic anduser-interface, respectively. In one implementation, a databasegenerator 236 also produces instructions in, for example, a StructureQuery Language (SQL) scripting language to create the data model for theapplication in an industry-standard ANSI-92 SQL Relational DatabaseManagement System (RDBMS). However, in other embodiments, the databasetranslator 236 just outputs a file having a file structure that is knownto the system logic created by the system logic translator 232.Basically, the structure of the database or table or other datastructure that database generator 236 creates is defined by the objectsand classes defined in the Conceptual Model. The only thing that isnecessary is that translator 236 provide at least a place to store thestates of the objects in the system as defined by their attribute valuesand that the attribute values be stored in some format known to thesystem logic translator such that the values of attributes can beretrieved from whatever data structure is created by translator 236. Inother species, the database generator creates a data structure definedby the Conceptual Model as well as for storing other data from othersources or entered by remote client computers for use by the codecreated by the system logic translator 232.

In addition, one implementation also employs a document generator 238 toautomatically generate serviceable system documentation from theinformation introduced in the Conceptual Model.

CASE Modeler

As mentioned herein above, the CASE tool 210 preferably employsobject-oriented modeling techniques to avoid the complexity typicallyassociated with the use of purely textual formal methods. Rather, fourcomplementary models, that of the object model, the dynamic model, thefunctional model and the presentation model, are employed to allow adesigner to specify the system requirements In contrast withconventional techniques, however, the CASE tool 210 actually captures aformal specification of the designer's system “on the fly” according toa formal specification language, while the designer is specifying thesystem with the CASE tool 210.

This feature enables the introduction of well-defined expressions in thespecification, which is often lacking in the conventional methodologies.In particular, the CASE tool 210 enforces the restriction that only theinformation relevant for filling a class definition in the formalspecification language can be introduced. The use of a formalspecification, input by means of the CASE tool 210, therefore providesthe environment to validate and verify the system in the solution space,thereby obtaining a software product that is functionally equivalent tothe specification as explained hereinafter. Nevertheless this is alwaysdone preserving this external view which is compliant with the mostextended modeling techniques, as stated before. In this way, the aridformalism characteristic of many conventional approaches is hidden fromthe designer, who is made to feel comfortable using a graphicalmodelling notation.

With respect to the notation, conceptual modelling in one embodimentemploys diagrams that are compliant with the Unified Modelling Language(UML); thus, system designers need not learn another graphical notationin order to model an information system. In accordance with the widelyaccepted object oriented conceptual modeling principles, the ConceptualModel is subdivided into an object model, a dynamic model, and afunctional model. These three models, however, are insufficient bythemselves to specific a complete application, because a completeapplication also requires a user interface. Therefore, the CASE tool 210also collects information about user-interface patterns, in a fourthmodel referred to as “Presentation Model”, which will be translated intothe code for the application. In one embodiment, the CASE tool 210collects information organized around projects which correspond todifferent applications. Each project built by the CASE tool 210 caninclude information about classes, relationships between classes, globaltransactions, global functions, and views.

“Each class contains attributes, services, derivations, constraints,transaction formulas, triggers, display sets, filters, populationselection patterns, a state transition diagram and formal interfaces. Inaddition to the information in these lists, a class can also store aname, alias and a default population selection interface pattern. Extrainformation is stored as remarks that the designer can input informationabout why a class does exist in a model.

Each attribute can have the following characteristics: name, formal datatype (e.g. constant, variable, derived), data type (real, string, . . .), default value, whether the attribute is an identifier fordistinguishing the objects of the class, length, whether the attributeis required when the object is created, whether the attribute can beassigned a NULL value, and a field to introduce some remarks about whythe attribute has been created. Each attribute can also include a listof valuations, which are formulas that declare how the object's state ischanged by means of events. Valuation formulas are structured in thefollowing parts: condition (that must be satisfied to apply the effect),event and effect of the event to the particular attribute. An attributemay also include user interface patterns belonging to the presentationmodel to be applied in the corresponding services arguments related tothe attribute.

Services can be of two types: events and transactions. Events are atomicoperations while transactions are composed of services which can be inturn events or transactions. Every service can have the followingcharacteristics: name, type of service (event or transaction), servicealias, remarks and a help message. Events can be of three types: new,destroy or none of them. Events can also be shared by several classes ofthe project. Shared events belong to all classes sharing them.Transactions have a formula that expresses the composing of services. Inaddition to this information, services store a list of arguments whosecharacteristics are: name, data type, whether nulls are allowed as avalid value, whether the argument represents a set of objects(collection), default value, alias and remarks. Additionally, for eachargument user-interface patterns related to arguments are: introductionpattern, population selection pattern, defined selection pattern anddependency pattern. The class can also store a list of derivations, andconstraints. Each derivation specifies a list of pairscondition-formula, specifying which formula will be applied under everycondition. Each constraint is a well formed formula plus the errormessage that will be displayed when the constraint was violated. For thedynamic constraints, the formula will be internally translated into agraph which constitutes the guide for its evaluation.

A class can also store triggers. Each trigger may be composed of triggertarget specified in terms of self, class or object, trigger condition,triggered action (service plus a list of possible agents) to beactivated and a list of default values associated with the arguments ofthe related service. A class can also have display sets, filters andpopulation selection patterns as user-interface patterns of thepresentation model affecting the class. Each display set can storeelements of visualization (attributes to be displayed to the user). Eachfilter is composed of a well formed formula and a list of auxiliaryvariables that are useful to define the formula. The populationselection pattern is related to a display set and a filter. Classes alsohave a State Transition Diagram which is a set of states and transitionsbetween them. Each state transition is related to an action (serviceplus list of possible agents) that can change the state of the object.Actions may have preconditions and the corresponding error message (tobe displayed if the precondition does not hold). Preconditions areformulas that need to be satisfied in order to execute the correspondingaction. In case of non-deterministic transitions, determinism isachieved by means of labelling each transition with a control condition.A control condition is a formula that specifies which state transitionwill take effect. Finally, a class can store a list of interfaces. Eachinterface stores the list of services that an actor can execute (agents)and the list of attributes that can be observed.

The model also maintains information on relationships between classes,which can be of two types: aggregation and inheritance. Each aggregationrelationship captures the information about cardinalities, whether theaggregation is static or dynamic, whether the aggregation is inclusiveor referential, whether the aggregation has an identificationdependence, and a grouping clause when the aggregation is multi-valued.Each inheritance relationship stores the name of the parent class, thename of the child class and whether the specialization is temporary orpermanent. Finally, if the specialization is permanent it stores a wellformed formula on constant attributes as specialization condition. Ifthe specialization is temporary it stores either condition or the listof events that activate/deactivate the child role.

Finally, the project can also capture a list of global transactions inwhich the relevant characteristics to be stored include the name of theglobal interaction, the formula, and the list of arguments. A list ofglobal functions can also be captured, in which each function stores aname, a data type of the returned value, a set of arguments (similar toservices), and comments about the function.

A project may have a set of views, that constitute the particular visionthat a set of selected agent classes has of the system. That is, the setof formal interfaces (attributes and services) allowed per agent class.Each agent class has a list of interfaces.

Object Model

The object model is a graphical model that allows the system designer tospecify the entities employed in the application in an object-orientedmanner, in particular, by defining classes for the entities. Thus, theclass definitions include, for example, attributes, services and classrelationships (aggregation and inheritance). Additionally, agentrelationships are specified to state which services that objects of aclass are allowed to activate.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an object model diagram 300 for thelibrary system example with readers, books, and loans which shows theagent relationships between classes. An agent relationship betweenclasses means one class can invoke the services of another class. FIG. 3is included here to show that classes have attributes and services andthey have relationships to other classes. Classes, in the object model300, are represented as rectangles with three areas: the class name, theattributes and the services. In the example, the object model 300includes a loan class 310 with attributes to indicate a loan code 312and a loan date 314 for when the loan was made. The loan class 310 alsoincludes two services (methods) including one for loaning a book 316 andanother for returning the book 318.

The object model 300 also includes a book class 320 having attributesthat specify the author 322 of the book, a book code 324, and a state326 (e.g. reserved, in circulation, checked out, etc.) and services suchas new_book 328 for creating a new book. Another class is a librarianclass 330, whose name 332 is specified by an attribute and whosecreation is done by a new_librarian service 334.

Each reader belonging to the library is described with the reader class340, whose attributes include the age 342, the number of books 344checked out by the reader, and the name 346 of the reader. Readers maybe created with a new_reader service 348. An unreliable reader class 350is also part of the object model to indicate for those readers 340 whocannot be trusted (e.g. due to unpaid fees for overdue books). Anunreliable reader 350 may be forgiven 352 by a librarian 330.

In an object model 300, inheritance relationships are represented byusing arrows to link classes. For example, the unreliable reader class350 is connected to the reader class 340 with an arrow; thus, theunreliable reader class 350 is specified to inherit from, or in otherterms is a subclass of, the reader class 340. The arrow linking thesubclass and the base class can be leveled with a specializationcondition or an event that activates or cancels the child role. In theexemplary object model 300, the arrow between the unreliable readerclass 350 and the reader class 340 is labeled with a“reader.punish/forgive” service. Thus, if a reader 340 is punished, thatperson becomes an unreliable reader 350. Conversely, if an unreliablereader 350 is forgiven 352, that person becomes a normal reader 340.

Aggregation relationships are represented in the object model 300 byusing a line with a diamond.

The class which has a diamond closest to it is called the compositeclass and the other class is the component class. The aggregationdetermines how many components can be attached to a given composite andvice versa (cardinality is the minimum and maximum numbers of componentsand composites that can participate in the relationship). In theexample, a book 320 and a reader 340 are aggregated in a loan 310,because a loan 310 involves lending a book 320 to a reader 340 of thelibrary. “The representation of aggregation also includes itscardinalities in both directions (i.e. minimum and maximum numbers),role names, and relationship name. In the example, the cardinality ofthe loan:book relationship from loan to book is 1:1 because exactly onebook is the subject of a loan in this Conceptual Model, and from book toloan is 0:1 because a book can be lent or not in a certain moment.”

“Furthermore, agent relationships are represented by using dotted linesthat connect the associated client class and services of the serverclass.”

In the example, a librarian 330 is an agent of a forgive service 352 ofthe unreliable reader class 350; thus, there is a dotted line betweenthe forgive service 352 and the librarian class 330. As another example,readers 340 are agents of the loan book 316 and return book 318services.

“Finally, shared events are represented by using solid lines thatconnect the associated events between two classes. In the example, theloan_book event is a shared event due to the solid line connecting saidevents in the book class 320 and the reader class 340.”

Additional information in the object model is specified to complete theformal description of the class. Specifically, for every class in theobject model, the following information is captured as shown in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 ITEM DESCRIPTION Attributes All the aforementioned propertiesand/or characteristics Services All the aforementioned properties and/orcharacteristics Derivations derivation expressions for the derivedattributes (those whose value is dependent on other attributes)Constraints well-formed formulas stating conditions that objects of aclass must satisfy Complex specific information associated toaggregation and Relationships inheritance hierarchies Agents servicesthat can be activated by this class

Additional information associated with aggregation and inheritance isalso collected. For aggregated classes, the additional information canspecify if the aggregation is an association or a composition inaccordance with the UML characterization, or if the aggregation isstatic or dynamic. For inheritance hierarchies, the additionalinformation can specify if a specialization produced by the inheritanceis permanent or temporal. If the specialization is permanent, then thecorresponding conditions on the constant attributes must characterizethe specialization relationship. On the other hand, if thespecialization is temporary, then the condition based on variableattributes or the events that activate/deactivate the child role must bespecified.

Some applications may require a large number of classes to fullyspecify. In this case, classes may be gathered into clusters. Clustersmake it easier for the designer or system analyst to understand theapplication, one cluster at a time. Thus, clusters help reduce thecomplexity of the view of the object model.

Dynamic Model

The system class architecture is specified with the object model.Additional features, however, such as which object life cycles can beconsidered valid, and which interobject communication can beestablished, also have to be input in the system specification. For thispurpose, a dynamic model is provided.

The dynamic model specifies the behavior of an object in response toservices, triggers and global transactions. In one embodiment, thedynamic model is represented by two diagrams, a state transition diagramand an object interaction diagram.

The state transition diagram (STD) is used to describe correct behaviorby establishing valid object life cycles for every class. A valid liferefers to an appropriate sequence of states that characterizes thecorrect behavior of the objects that belong to a specific class.Transitions represent valid changes of state. A transition has an actionand, optionally, a control condition or guard. An action is composed ofa service plus a subset of its valid agents defined in the Object Model.If all of them are marked, the transition is labeled with an asterisk(*) Control conditions are well formed formulas defined on objectattributes and/or service arguments to avoid the possiblenon-determinism for a given action. Actions might have one preconditionthat must be satisfied in order to accept its execution. A blank circlerepresents the state previous to existence of the object. Transitionsthat have this state as source must be composed of creation actions.Similarly, a bull's eye represent the state after destruction of theobject. Transitions having this state as destination must be composed ofdestruction actions. Intermediate states are represented by circleslabeled with an state name.

Accordingly, the state transition diagram shows a graphicalrepresentation of the various states of an object and transitionsbetween the states. FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary state transitiondiagram 400 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.States are depicted in the exemplary state transition diagram 400 bymeans of a circle labeled with the state name. Referring to FIG. 4A, the“book0” state 404 is indicated by a circle with the name “book0.” Beforean object comes into existence, a blank circle 402 is used to representthis “state” of nonexistence, “which is the source of the initialtransition 410 labeled by a corresponding creation action. A bull's eye406 is used to represent the state after which an object has beendestroyed, as by a transition 416 occasioned by the [*]: destroy_bookaction.”

Transitions are represented by solid arrows from a source state to adestination state. The middle of the transition arrow is labeled with atext displaying the action, precondition and guards (if proceeds). Inthe example, transition 412 is labeled with a loan_book actionassociated with the transition 412 and a precondition ‘ifstate=“available”. Thus, the system will only accept the execution ofthe action if the state attribute of the book is “available.” In otherwords, the Conceptual Model requires that a book can only be loaned ifthe book is available. “As another example, transition 414 is labeledwith a return_book action associated with the transition 414” and aprecondition ‘if state=“lent”’. In other words, the Conceptual Modelrequires that a book can only be returned if the book has been lent.

The object interaction diagram specifies interobject communication. Twobasic interactions are defined: triggers, which are object services thatare automatically activated when a pre-specified condition is satisfied,and global transactions, which are themselves services involvingservices of different objects and or other global transactions. There isone state transition diagram for every class, but only one objectinteraction diagram for the whole Conceptual Model, where the previousinteractions will be graphically specified.

In one embodiment, boxes labeled with an underlined name represent classobjects.Trigger specifications follow this syntax: destination::actionif trigger-condition. The first component of the trigger is thedestination, i.e., the object(s) to which the triggered service isaddressed. The trigger destination can be the same object where thecondition is satisfied (i.e. self), a specific object, or an entireclass population if broadcasting the service. Finally, the triggeredservice and its corresponding triggering relationship are declared.Global Transactions are graphically specified by connecting the actionsinvolved in the declared interaction. These actions are represented assolid lines linking the objects (boxes) that provide them.

Accordingly, communication between objects and activity rules aredescribed in the object interaction diagram, which presents graphicalboxes, graphical triggers, and graphical interactions. FIG. 4Billustrates an exemplary object interaction diagram 420 in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention.

In the object interaction diagram 420, the graphical interactions isrepresented by lines for the components of a graphical interaction.Graphical boxes, such as reader box 422, are declared, in this case, asspecial boxes that can reference objects (particular or generic) such asa reader. Graphical triggers are depicted using solid lines that have atext displaying the service to execute and the triggering condition.Components of graphical interactions also use solid lines. Each one hasa text displaying a number of the interaction, and the action that willbe executed. In the example, trigger 424 indicates that the readerpunish action is to be invoke invoked when the number of books that areader is currently borrowing reaches 10.

Functional Model

Many conventional systems take a shortcut when providing a functionalmodel, which limits the correctness of a functional specification.Sometimes, the model used breaks the homogeneity of the object-orientedmodels, as happened with the initial versions of OMT, which proposedusing the structured DFDs as a functional model. The use of DFDtechniques in an object modeling context has been criticized for beingimprecise, mainly because it offers a perspective of the system (thefunctional perspective), which differs from the other models (the objectperspective). Other methods leave the free-specification of the systemoperations in the hands of the designer, which leads to inconsistencies.

One embodiment of the present invention, however, employs a functionalmodel that is quite different with respect to these conventionalapproaches. In this functional model, the semantics associated with anychange of an object state is captured as a consequence of an eventoccurrence. Basically, the functional model allows a SOSY modeler tospecify a class, an attribute of that class and an event of that classand then define a mathematical or logical formula that defines how theattribute's value will be changed when this event happens. An “event” asused in the claims means a single service and not a transaction which isdefined as a composed or complex service (which means more than oneservice executes). In the preferred embodiment, condition-action pair isspecified for each valuation. The condition is a single math or logicformula is specified which specifies a condition which results in avalue or logical value which can be mapped to only one of two possiblevalues: true or false. The action is a single math or logical formulawhich specifies how the value of the attribute is changed if the serviceis executed and the condition is true. In other embodiments, only asingle formula that specifies the change to the attribute if the serviceis executed is required.

The functional model is built in the preferred embodiment by presentinga dialog box that allows the user to choose a class, an attribute ofthat class and a service of that class and then fill in one or moreformula or logical expressions (condition-action or only action) whichcontrols how the value of that attribute will be changed when theservice is executed. The important thing about this is that the user beallowed to specify the mathematical or logical operation which will beperformed to change the value of the attribute when the service isexecuted, and it is not critical how the user interface is implemented.Any means to allow a user to specify the class, the attribute of thatclass and the service of that class and then fill in a mathematical orlogical expression which controls what happens to the specifiedattribute when the service is executed will suffice to practice theinvention. Every one of these mathematical expressions is referred to asa valuation. Every valuation has to have a condition and action pair inthe preferred embodiment, but in other species, only an action need bespecified. The condition can be any well formed formula resulting in aBoolean value which can be mapped to only one of two possibleconditions: true or false. The action specified in the pair is any otherwell-formed mathematical and/or logical formula resulting in a new valuefor the variable attribute, said new value being of the attribute's samedata type (type of data of action must be compatible with the type ofdata of the attribute). This valuation formula can be only mathematicalor only a Boolean logical expression or a combination of bothmathematical operators and Boolean logical expressions.

Regardless of the user interface used to gather data from the user todefine the valuations in the functional model, all species within thegenus of the invention of generating functional models will generate adata structure having the following content: data defining the valuationformula which affects the value of each variable attribute (the datathat defines the valuation formula identifies the service and theattribute affected and the mathematical and/or logical operations to beperformed and any operands needed). This data structure can be anyformat, but it must contain at least the above identified content.

To define the functional model, the following information isdeclaratively specified by the SOSY modeler: how every event changes theobject state depending on the arguments of the involved event, and theobject's current state. This is called “valuation”.

In particular, the functional model employs the concept of thecategorization of valuations. Three types of valuations are defined:push-pop, state-independent and discrete-domain based. Each type fixesthe pattern of information required to define its functionality.

Push-pop valuations are those whose relevant events increase or decreasethe value of the attribute by a given quantity, or reset the attributeto a certain value.

State-independent valuations give a new value to the attribute involvedindependently of the previous attribute's value.

Discrete-domain valuations give a value to the attributes from a limiteddomain based on the attribute's previous value. The different values ofthis domain model the valid situations that are possible for theattribute.

To illustrate these features, TABLE 2 shows a functional model for a“book number” attribute 344 of the reader class 340, in a ConceptualModel representing a typical library.

TABLE 2 CLASS: Reader ATTRIBUTE: book_number CATEGORY: push-pop EventQuantity Effect loan( ) 1 Increase Return( ) 1 Decrease

These valuations are categorized as a push-pop because their relevantevents increase or decrease the value of the book_number attribute 344by a given quantity (1). In the example, its related event loan( ) hasthe increasing effect and return( ) has the decreasing effect.

This categorization of the valuations is a contribution of one aspect ofthe present invention that allows a complete formal specification to begenerated in an automated way, completely capturing a event'sfunctionality

Accordingly, the functional model is responsible for capturing thesemantics of every change of state for the attributes of a class. It hasno graphical diagram. Textual information is collected through aninteractive dialog that fills the corresponding part of the InformationStructures explained before. FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary dialog forreceiving input for the functional model.

Presentation Model

The presentation model is a set of pre-defined concepts that can be usedto describe user interface requisites. These concepts arise fromdistilling and abstracting repetitive scenarios in developing the userinterfaces. These abstractions of the repetitive scenarios are calledpatterns. A set of patterns is called a pattern language.

In this sense, the presentation model is a collection of patternsdesigned to reflect user interfaces requirements. A pattern is a cleardescription of a recurrent problem with a recurrent solution in a givenrestricted domain and giving an initial context. The documented patternsabstract the essence of the problem and the essence of the solution andtherefore can be applied several times to resolve problems that matchwith the initial context and domain. The pattern language is composed ofa plurality of patterns. The present invention is not limited to anyparticular list of patterns, but the following is a brief description ofsome user interface patterns that have been found to be useful: Servicepresentation pattern, Instance presentation pattern, class populationpresentation pattern, master-detail presentation pattern and actionSelection presentation pattern.

A service presentation pattern captures how a service will enquire datato the final user. This patterns controls the filling out of servicearguments and contains actions to launch the service or to exitperforming no action. It is based on other lower level patterns thatrefer to more specific interface tasks like:

-   -   An introduction pattern that handles with restrictions to input        data that must be provided to the system by the final user        (i.e., the user who employs the final application). In        particular, edit-masks and range-values are introduced,        constraining the values that can validly be input in the        interface. In this manner, the user-entry errors are reduced.        This pattern can be applied to arguments in services or to        attributes in classes to improve data input process through        validating input arguments.    -   A defined selection pattern that specifies a set of valid values        for an argument. When the input data items are static, are a        few, and are well known, the designer can declare by enumeration        a set containing such valid values. This pattern is similar to        those that define an enumerated type and an optional default        value. Accordingly, the final user can only select an entry from        the pre-specified set, thereby reducing error prone input. For        example, one representation of this pattern could be a        Combo-Box. This pattern can be applied to arguments in services        or to attributes in classes to improve data input process.    -   A population selection pattern that handles the situation of        observing and selecting objects in a multiple objects society.        Specifically, this pattern contains a filter, a display set, and        an order criterion, which respectively determine how objects are        filtered (Filter Expression), what data is displayed (Display        Set), and how objects are ordered (Order Criteria). This pattern        may be thought of as a SQL Select statement with columns, where        and order by clauses, and can be applied to object-valuated        arguments in services whenever it is possible to select an        object from a given population of living objects.    -   A dependency pattern, that is a set of Event-Condition-Action        (ECA) rules allowing the specification of dependency rules        between arguments in services. When arguments are dependent on        others, these constraints use this kind of rules.    -   A status recovery pattern, that is an implicit pattern that        recovers data from object attributes to initialize service        arguments. This can be modeled as an implicit set of dependency        patterns. For example, to change the data associated of a        Customer object, a form to launch the change service appears. If        the user provides the Customer OID (Object Identifier), the        interfaces can use this OID to search the object and recover the        data associated to the Customer, such as name, telephone,        address, etc.    -   A supplementary information pattern, that handles with feedback        data that must be provided to final users in order to assure        they choose or input the correct OID (object identified) for an        existent object. For example, to select a Customer, an OID must        be provided. If the name of the Customer is automatically        displayed as answer to an OID input, the user receives a        valuable feedback data that assures him in selection or corrects        the input data. The supplementary information pattern is        applicable to object-valuated arguments.    -   An argument grouping presentation pattern, that captures how to        group the requested service arguments according to the user        wishes.

An instance presentation pattern captures how the properties of anobject will be presented to the final user. In this context, the userwill be able to launch services or to navigate to other related objects.The instance presentation pattern is a detailed view of an instance.

A class population presentation pattern captures how the properties ofmultiple objects of one class will be presented to the final user. Inthis context, once an object is selected, the final user will be able tolaunch a service or to navigate to other related objects. The objectscan also be filtered.

A master-detail presentation pattern captures how to present a certainobject of a class including other related objects that may complete thefull detail of the object. To build this pattern the following patternsare used: instance presentation, class population presentation and,recursively, master-detail presentation. In this manner, multi-detail(multiples details) and multi-level master-detail (multiples levelsrecursively) can be modeled. For example, one scenario involves aninvoice header followed by a set of invoice lines related to theinvoice.

An action selection pattern captures how the services are going to beoffered to final users following the principle of gradual approach. Thispattern allows, for example, generating menus of application using atree structure. The final tree structure will be obtained from the setof services specified in the classes of the Conceptual Model. The usercould launch services or queries (observations) defined in theConceptual Model.

A Filter Expression is a well-formed formula that evaluates to a Booleantype. This formula is interpreted as follows: the objects that satisfythe formula pass the filter; the ones that do not fulfill the conditiondo not pass the filter. Consequently, the filter acts like a sift thatonly allows objects that fulfill the formula to pass. These formulas cancontain parameters that are resolved at execution time, providing valuesfor the variables or asking them directly to the final user. A filterpattern may be thought of as an abstraction of a SQL where clause, andis applied in a population selection pattern.

A Display Set is an ordered set of attributes that is shown to reflectthe status of an object. A Display Set may be thought of as anabstraction of the columns in a SQL clause, and is applied in apopulation selection pattern.

The Order Criterion is an ordered set of tuples that contain: anattribute and an order (ascending/descending). This set of tuples fixesan order criterion over the filtered objects. An order criterion patternmay be thought of as an abstraction of an order by SQL clause, and isapplied in a population selection pattern.

Formal Specification

The CASE tool 210, after presenting a user interface for capturingsystem requirements 200, converts the system requirements into a formalspecification 215 in a formal language having a syntax and semanticsthat are known to the validator 220. Although the formal specification215 must be in a formal language, it need not be in a known formallanguage, and any formal language including newly invented formallanguages will suffice. The only thing that is necessary to practice theinvention is that the syntax and semantics of whatever formal languagein which formal specification 215 is written, the validator 220 mustknow that syntax and semantics so that it may validate the formalspecification for completeness, mathematical and semantic andsyntactical correctness and lack of ambiguity. In particular the CASEtool 210 builds upon the previously described models as a starting pointand automatically generates a corresponding formal and object-orientedspecification 215, which acts as a high-level system repository. In apreferred embodiment, the formal language being employed is OASIS, inits version 2.2, published in October 1995 by the “Servicio dePublicaciones de la Universidad Politecnica de Valencia” (legal depositnumber: V-1285-1995).

Conversion of captured system requirements 200 into a formal languagespecification 215 is a main feature of one aspect of the invention: eachpiece of information introduced in the conceptual modeling step has acorresponding formal language counterpart, which is represented asformal language statements having syntax and semantics known to thevalidator. The graphical modeling environment associated with oneembodiment of the invention may be thus viewed as an advanced graphicaleditor and composition tool to allow a SOSY modeler to graphicallygenerate images and data structures through a graphical user interfacewhich are then converted (on a real time basis) into a formal languagespecification which may be validated.

As an example of syntax and semantics of formal languages and how thevalidator 220 can validate such a formal language specification,consider Table 3 below. Table 3 is a formal specification in the OASISformal language of the reader class of the hypothetical librarymanagement application detailed above. TABLE 3 shows a formalspecification 215 for the reader class that was automatically obtainedfrom the Conceptual Model:

TABLE 3 CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA library domains nat,bool,int,date,string classreader identification by_reader_code: (reader_code); constant_attributesage : String ; reader_code : String ; name : String ;variable_attributes book_count : Int ; private_events new_reader( ) new;destroy_reader( ) destroy; punish( ); shared_events loan( ) with book;return( ) with book; constraints static book_count < 10; valuation[loan( )] book_count= book_count + 1; [return( )] book_count= book_count− 1; preconditions librarian:destroy_reader ( ) if book_number = 0 ;triggers Self :: punish( ) if book_count = 10; process reader =librarian:new_reader( ) reader0; reader0= librarian:destroy_reader( ) +loan ( ) reader1; reader1= if book_count=1 return( ) reader0 + (ifbook_count > 1 return( ) + if book_count < 10 loan( )) reader1;end_class END CONCEPTUAL SCHEMA

Consider the following statement from the high level repository formalspecification of Table 3:[loan( )]book_count=book_count+1;

The semantics of this formal language statement indicate by the ( ) thatloan is a service which performs the mathematical computationrepresented by the equation outside the square brackets. Thismathematical formula means that the value of the attribute book_countwill be incremented by 1 when this service is executed. The formulacould be any other formula where one attribute is set equal to the valueof another attribute plus the value of some other attribute or userinput value. However, to be semantically correct, an integer or floatingpoint number cannot be added to an alphanumeric string or any other typeof attribute which has no meaning when attempting to add it to aninteger or floating point number.

As another example of validation of the semantics of the formal languagespecification, when an integer is added to a floating point number, theresult must be a floating point number and not an integer.

Another example of validation of the semantics involves verifying thatfor every attribute that has been defined as a variable, there is aservice which changes the value of that attribute. Another example ofsemantic validation is verifying that for every constant attribute,there is no service which attempts to change its value. Another exampleof semantic validation is if a service “destroy” erases or eliminates anattribute, it makes no sense to modify the attribute after it no longerexists. The validator would flag as an error any formal specificationstatement which attempted to do so.

One of the functions of the validator is to check the semantics of everystatement to make sure that no mathematical formulas attempt to combineentities that are not mathematically combinable, that combiningdifferent types of numbers results in the correct type of output number,that nothing gets divided by zero, and that other operations that aremathematically undefined are not required by the formal specification.Stated another way, one function of the validator is to make sure thatevery formula is well formed, complete and consistent.

The validator has a number of rules stored in it that are dependent uponthe semantics and syntax of the formal language in use. These rules areused to accomplish the purpose of the validator 220. That purpose is tosemantically and syntactically validate every statement of every classdefinition in the formal specification as well as verifying that theinterclass actions between any of the classes are semanticallymeaningful and syntactically correct. Any process which checks all theformal language statements in the formal specification against at leastthe pertinent rules to accomplish the above stated purpose will suffice.This can be accomplished after iterative passes or all on one pass. Aslong as this purpose is accomplished, the details of how it isaccomplished are not critical.

The meaning of the different sections that integrate the formaldescription of the exemplary reader class specification is as follows. Aclass in OASIS is made up of a class name “reader”, an identificationfunction for instances (objects) of the class, and a type or templatethat all the instances share.

The identification function by_reader_code, characterizes the namingmechanism used by objects and yields a set of surrogates belonging to apredefined sort or to a sort defined by the user (the so-called domainsin OASIS). These domains are imported in the class definition. The mostusual are predefined as int, nat, real, bool, char, string and date.They represent numbers, boolean values, characters, strings and dates ina particular format. New domains can be introduced in a specification bydefining the corresponding abstract data type.

A type is the template that collects all the properties (structure andbehavior) which are shared by all the potential objects of the classbeing considered. Syntactically, the type can be formalized as asignature, which contains sorts, functions, attributes and events to beused, a set of axioms, which are formulas in a dynamic logic, a processquery as a set of equations with variables of a sort process that aresolved in a given process algebra. When these variables areinstantiated, we have the ground terms that represent possible lives ofinstances (objects).

A class signature contains a set of sorts with a partial order relation.Among this set of sorts is the sort of interest (the class name)associated with the class being defined. A class signature also containsa set of functions including those functions included in the definitionof the (predefined) sorts and the identification function whose sort isthe ADT (Abstract Data Type) for identities implicitly provided with aclass specification. The identification function provides values of agiven sort to identify objects in order to assure that any object of agiven class has a unique identity. For specification purposes, anidentification is introduced mechanism comprising a declaration of oneor more key maps used as aliases for identifying objects. The key mapsare similar to the candidate key notion of the relational model. From agiven key value, these maps return an associated object identity. Keymaps will be declared as (tuples of) constant attributes.

A class signature also contains a set of (constant, variable, andderived) attributes, see constant_attributes and variable_attributessections in TABLE 3. These attributes all have the sort of the class asdomain, and the given sort associated to the attribute being consideredas codomain.

A set of events is also contained in the class signature (see privateevents and shared events in TABLE 3), with the sort of the class as thedomain, plus any additional sort representing event information, andwith the sort of the class (sort of interest) as the codomain. Thisso-called sort of interest can be seen as a subsort of a general sortprocess when objects are viewed as processes.

Each event occurrence is labeled by the agent that is allowed toactivate it. When dealing with this actor notion, if the agent xinitiates event a is written x:a and called an action; x could be theenvironment or any object of a system class. In one embodiment, an eventalways is associated with an agent. When defining an event, the designeris therefore forced to state which agent will be able to activate it.Consequently, a set A of actions may be defined and obtained from andattached to the initial set of events.

In this way, the notion of the set of object services can be representedas an interface that allows other objects to access the state. Theobject services can be events (server view) or actions (client view)depending on whether these services are offered or requested. Actionsbecome services requested by an object, by which the object can consultor modify states of other objects (or its own state).

In OASIS, there are the following kinds of dynamic formulas (set ofclass axioms):start here

Evaluations are formulas of the form_[a]_′ whose semantics is given bydefining a _ function that, from a ground action a returns a functionbetween possible worlds. In other words, being a possible world for anobject any valid state, the _ function determines which transitionsbetween object states are valid after the execution of an action a. Inthe example, there are the following evaluations:

[loan( )] book_count= book_count+1; [return( )] book_count=book_count−1;

Within this dynamic logic environment, the formula_is evaluated in s_W,and _′is evaluated in _(a), with _(a) being the world represented by theobject state after the execution in s of the action considered.

Derivations are formulas of the type _→_′. They define derivedattributes _′in terms of the given derivation condition (stated in _).Derivations basically differ from the evaluation formulas in that thisderived evaluation is done in a unique state.

Integrity constraints are formulas that must be satisfied in everyworld. Static and dynamic integrity constraints may be distinguished.Static integrity constraints are those defined for every possible world.They must always hold. On the other hand, dynamic integrity constraintsare those that relate different worlds. They require the use of atemporal logic, with the corresponding temporal logic operators.

Preconditions are formulas with the template _[a]false, where _is aformula that must hold in the world previous to the execution of actiona. Only in the worlds where_holds, is a allowed to occur. If _holds, theoccurrence of a gives no state as successor. We have the followingprecondition in the reader specification:book_number=0 [librarian:destroy_reader( )] false;

or, in a more convenient way for specification purposes, we can writelibrarian:destroy_reader( ) if book_number=0

Triggers are formulas of the form_[_(—a)]false, where _a is the actionnegation. This formula means that a does not occur, and what does occuris not specified. If _holds and an action other than a occurs, thenthere is no successor state. This forces a to occur or the systemremains in a blocked state. For instance, using the appropriate dynamicformula where we include in the triggered service information about thedestination (according to the trigger expressiveness presented when theobject interaction diagram 420 was introduced), we will declare:book_count=10 [Self::punish( )] false

This trigger may be written in an equivalent but more conventional wayfor specification purposes as:Self::punish( ) if book_count=10;

Thus, triggers are actions activated when the condition stated in_holds. The main difference between preconditions and triggers comesfrom the fact that in triggers there is an obligation to activate anaction as soon as the given condition is satisfied. In this way triggersallow us to introduce internal activity in the Object Society that isbeing modeled.

In any of these dynamic formulas, _,_′ are well-formed formulas in afirst order logic that usually refer to a given system statecharacterized by the set of values attached to attributes of objects inthe state or world considered.

In OASIS, an object is defined as an observable process. The processspecification in a class allows us to specify object dynamics anddetermines the access relationship between the states of instances.Processes are constructed by using events as atomic actions. However,the designer also has the choice of grouping events in execution units,which are called transactions.

The molecular units that are the transactions have two main properties.First, they follow an all-or-nothing policy with respect to theexecution of the involved events: when a failure happens during atransaction execution, the resultant state will be the initial one.Second, they exhibit the non-observability of intermediate states.

We will finish this section introducing the process specification of thereader class in TABLE 4:

TABLE 4 reader =   librarian:new_reader( ) ·_reader_0; reader_0 =librarian:destroy_reader( ) + loan( )   ·_reader_1; reader_1 = ifbook_count=1 return( ) · reader_0   + (if book_count > 1 return( )   +if book_count < 10 loan( )) ·_reader_1;

The execution of processes are represented by terms in a well-definedalgebra of processes. Thus, possible object lives can be declared asterms whose elements are transactions and events. Every process can berewritten to a term in a basic process algebra BPA______, with the·(sequence) and +(alternative) process operations. This provides animplementation of concurrence based on arbitrary interleaving.

After having presented Conceptual Model and the OASIS formal conceptsassociated with them in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention, the mappings will now be discussed that generate a textualsystem representation 215 (that is a specification in OASIS) taking asinput the graphical information introduced in the Conceptual Model. Thisformal specification 215 has in fact been obtained using CASE tool 210,and constitutes a solid system documentation to obtain a final softwareproduct which is compliant with the initial requirements, as representedin the source Conceptual Model.

According to the class template introduced in the previous section, theset of conceptual patterns and their corresponding OASIS representation.

The system classes are obtained from the object model. For each class,there are a set of constant, variable or derived attributes; a set ofservices, including private and shared events, and local transactions;integrity constraints specified for the class; and derivationexpressions corresponding to the derived attributes. For a complex class(those defined by using the provided aggregation and inheritance classoperators), the object model also provides the particularcharacteristics specified for the corresponding complex aggregated orspecialized class.

The information given by the object model basically specifies the systemclass framework, where the class signature is precisely declared. Thedynamic model uses two kind of diagrams, the state transition diagramand the object interaction diagram. From the state transition diagram,the following are obtained; event preconditions, which are thoseformulas labeling the event transitions; the process definition of aclass, where the template for valid object lives is fixed. From theobject interaction diagram, two other features of an OASIS classspecification are completed; trigger relationships and globaltransactions, which are those involving different objects.

Finally, the functional model yields the dynamic formulas related toevaluations, where the effect of events on attributes is specified.

Having thus clearly defined the set of relevant information that can beintroduced in a Conceptual Model in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, the formal specification 215 corresponding to therequirements 200 provides a precise system repository where the systemdescription is completely captured, according to the OASISobject-oriented model. This enables the implementation process(execution model) to be undertaken from a well-defined starting point,where the pieces of information involved are meaningful because theycome from a finite catalogue of conceptual modeling patterns, which,furthermore, have a formal counterpart in OASIS.

Model Validation

Automatic software production of a complete, robust application from aConceptual Model to an implementation language (such as a thirdgeneration languages like C, C++, or Java) requires the Conceptual Modelto be both correct and complete. In this section, the terms “correct”and “complete” have the following meanings dependent on the specificneeds for the automated software production process system as:

A Conceptual Model is “complete” when there is no missing information inthe requirements specification. In other words, all the requiredproperties of the Conceptual Model are defined and have a value. Thismeans that every concept introduced during the modeling process will befully specified in all its properties or the validator will reject it.

A Conceptual Model is “correct” when the information introduced in theConceptual Model is syntactically and semantically consistent and notambiguous. In other words, all the properties defined in the ConceptualModel have a value and that value is valid.

There is a partial validation process each time an element is added,modified or deleted to the Conceptual Model and is converted to aportion of the formal specification. During the partial validations thatoccur as elements are added, modified and deleted, no error messages aregenerated (because that would driver the modeler crazy), but portions ofthe Formal Specification are marked as rendered invalid by changes thathave been made. When the Conceptual Model is completed, the SOSY modelerrequests full validation. At this point, every statement and formula inthe Formal Specification is revalidated, and error messages and warningsare generated for any element which is syntactically or semanticallyincomplete or incorrect or ambiguous.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the validator 220 receives as input the formalspecification 215 of the Conceptual Model using an Object-OrientedFormal Specification Language (such as OASIS) as high level datarepository. From a formal point of view, a validated OASIS specification215 is correct and complete because the specification 215 is formallyequivalent to a dynamic logic theory, using a well-defined declarativeand operational semantics.

Formal specification languages benefit from the ability of formalenvironments to ensure that formal specifications 215 are valid or canbe checked to be valid. Formal languages define a grammar that ruleslanguage expressiveness.

Two procedures are used for Conceptual Model validation. Forcompleteness, validation rules are implemented by directly checking thegathered data for the Conceptual Model, e.g., a class must have name,one attribute being its identifier and one service. Completeness of theformal language specification of the Conceptual model, as checked by thevalidation process, means that: 1) there is no missing information inthe formal specification detailing the requirements the code must meet;2) stated in another way, all the required properties of the ConceptualModel encoded in the formal language specification are defined and theyhave a value. Correctness of the formal language specification of theConceptual model, as checked by the validation process, means that: 1)when the statements in the formal language specification of theConceptual model are both syntactically and semantically consistent andnot ambiguous: 2) stated in another way, all the properties introducedin the conceptual model have a valid value. For correctness, an extendedformal specification language grammar (syntax plus semantics) isimplemented in order to validate the syntax and meaning of all theformulas in the Conceptual Model.

Correctness

More specifically, for completeness, the validator functions to ensurethat all the elements in a formal specification language have a set ofproperties that both exist and have a valid value. Most of theproperties are strictly implemented to have a full definition and validvalues. However, the CASE tool 210 allows, for easy of use during amodel inputting, to leave some properties incomplete or with invalidvalues. These properties will be checked by the validator 220 to becomplete (and correct) prior to any automatic software productionprocess.

The elements which are used to validate a Conceptual Model are describednext. For each element it is stated if validation will be strict (e.g.when all his properties have to exist and must have a valid value atcreation time) or flexible (e.g. validation will be accomplished at alater time). Some properties are optional, (e.g. that may not exist) butif they are defined, they must be validated. These elements are given inTABLE 5:

TABLE 5 Class  Name. Strict  ID function Flexible  Attributes (at leastone) Flexible  Services (at least Create service). Flexible  Static andDynamic Integrity Constraints (optional)   Their formula StrictAttribute  Name. Strict  Type (Constant, Variable, Derived). Strict Data-type (Real, integer, etc). Strict  Default Value. Strict  Size (ifproceeds) Strict  Request in Creation service. Strict  Null valueallowed. Strict  Evaluations (variable attributes). Flexible  Derivationformula (derived attributes). Flexible Evaluation  One variableattribute of a class Strict  One service of the same class Strict Condition (optional). Strict  Formula of evaluation. Strict Derivation Formula. Strict  Condition (optional). Strict Service  Name. Strict Arguments.   argument's name Strict   data-type Strict   default value(optional) Strict   null value Strict   size (if proceeds) Strict  For atransaction, its formula. Flexible Preconditions of an action  Formula.Strict   Agents affected by condition Strict Relationship: Aggregation Related classes (component &composite) Strict  Relationship name.Strict  Both directions Role names. Strict  Cardinality. Strict Inclusive or referential. Strict  Dynamic. Strict  Clause “Group By”(Optional). Strict  Insertion and deletion events (if proceed) StrictRelationship: Inheritance  Related classes (parent & child) Strict Temporal (versus permanent) Strict  Specialization condition or eventsStrict Relationship: Agent  Agent class and service allowed to activate.Strict State Transition Diagram (STD)  All states of class (3 at least).Flexible State in STD  Name. Strict Transition in STD  Estate of origin.Strict  Estate of destination. Strict  Service of class. Strict  Control condition (optional). Strict Trigger  Condition. Strict  Classor instance of destination. Strict  Target (self, object, class) Strict Activated service. Strict  Service arguments' initialization (Optional)  Arguments' values Strict Global Interactions  Name. Strict  Formula.Strict User exit functions  Name. Strict  Return data-type Strict Arguments, (Optional)   Argument's name Strict   Argument's data-typeStrictCompleteness

Some properties of components in formal specification languages are“well formed formulas” that follow a well defined syntax. It istherefore, a requirement to ensure that all introduced formulas in theConceptual Model were both syntactical and semantically correct.

Not all formulas used in the Conceptual Model have the same purpose.Therefore, there will be several types of formulas. Depending offormula's type, the use of certain operators and terms (operands, like:constants, class attributes, user-functions, etc.) are allowed. Aprocess and a set of rules in grammar to validate every type of formulain the Conceptual Model also exists.

More specifically, the Conceptual Model includes formulas of thefollowing types as shown in TABLE 6:

TABLE 6 Default Value Calculation of  Class Attributes (Constant andVariable)  Service and Transaction Arguments Inheritance: Specializationcondition Static and Dynamic Integrity Constraints Derivations andValuations:  Calculation formula (Derived or Variable attributesrespectively)  Conditions (optional) Preconditions for actions (Servicesor Transactions) Control Conditions for transitions in State TransitionsDiagram Triggering conditions Local and Global Transactions formulas

These formulas are validated at the time they are introduced, bypreventing the designer from leaving an interactive textual dialog ifformula is not syntactically and semantically correct.

In general, every formula must be syntactically correct; every classmust have an identification function; every class must have a creationevent; every triggering formula must be semantically correct (e.g. selftriggers to an unrelated class are forbidden); and every name of anaggregation must be unique in the conceptual schema. If these conditionsare not satisfied, then an error is raised.

A warning may be raised, on the other hand, if any of the following donot hold: every class should have a destroy event; every derivedattribute should have at least a derivation formula; every serviceshould have an agent declared to execute it; and every argument declaredin a service should be used.

Validation process will also be invoked every time the designer performsa change into the model that may invalidate one or more formulas. Asmentioned earlier, for ease of use, certain type of formulas are allowedto be incorrect, which the designer will have to review at a later time.The automatic software production process in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention, however, will not continue to codegeneration, if not all the formulas are correct. Each time the designerintroduces a modification in the Conceptual Model specification, allaffected formulas will be checked. As a result, the following cases mayhappen:

1. If any of the affected formulas makes reference to a “Strict”property, the change will be rejected. An error will be raised to informthe designer.

2. If none of the affected formulas references a “Strict” property,modification to Conceptual Model will be accepted. Anaction-confirmation dialog is showed before any action is taken.

3. If there is no affected formula, modification is performedstraightaway. In order to validate the user interface information, thevalidator 220 checks the following for errors: the patterns defined mustbe well constructed with no essential information lacking; theattributes used in filters must be visible from the definition class;the attributes used in order criteria must be visible from thedefinition class; the formula in a filter must be a well-formed formulausing the terms defined in the model; the action selection pattern mustuse as final actions objects defined in the Conceptual Model; and theset of dependency patterns must be terminal and have confluence.Warnings may be generated under the following conditions: if a patternis defined but not used (applied), if an instance pattern is duplicated.

Automatic software production from Conceptual Models requires theseConceptual Models to be correct and complete. Applying thecharacteristics and properties of formal specification languages makesit possible to effectively validate a Conceptual Model. The validationprocess is based on the grammar defined by the formal specificationlanguage, and partial validation is to be invoked any time the designerintroduces modifications to the Conceptual Model specification. Prior toany automatic software production process, Conceptual Model will bevalidated in a full validation as a pre-requisite.

WORKING EXAMPLE OF HOW TO USE THE INVENTION TO CREATE A CONCEPTUAL MODELFOR A SOFTWARE PROGRAM TO MANAGE EXPENSE REPORTING BY EMPLOYEES, EXPENSEREPORT APPROVALS AND PAYMENTS

Requirements: The Problem to be Managed by the Computer Program to beAutomatically Generated

The system will manage the expense reporting of employees, expenseapprovals and payments.

Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent to othercurrency. Expense line for user input of an expense will only allowinput in the pattern currency.

Employees may present an expense report when they have supportedexpenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses areassociated to a certain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, supporting tickets and receipts willbe attached and prior expense advances will be reflected. Advances mustbe discounted out from the expense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a managerresponsible for payment of expenses. The authorization process willallow rejection of the expenses if there is the appearance ofimpropriety.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by aperson in accounting responsible for writing checks. Once paid, it willbe marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.        This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System        program to be written.    -   The employee will provide receipts for all expenses and advances        to the system operator (may be himself). It will include        explanations for expenses when required.    -   Once all the expenses are entered, the employee will issue the        expense report thereby closing the expenses report. Then the        expense report will be in a status of pending approval.    -   A person responsible for expenses will authorise the expense        report if the expenses appear legitimate, and the expense report        will transition to a state pending payment. If the report is not        approved, it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it        has been rejected. The expenses report will be then put back in        an open status to be modified.    -   Accounts payable will approve the payment. Once approved, the        expense report will be marked as paid and locked. Only accounts        payable will be able to unlock the expense reports in case of        error.    -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as        paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,        i.e., advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will        require confirmation of payment.        Detailed Information to be Captured        Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.    -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.    -   Project to charge expenses to.    -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies    -   Total expenses. Both currencies    -   Balance. Both currencies    -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.    -   Expenses approval date.    -   Payment date and media.    -   Payment comments, if paid.    -   Rejection cause, if rejected.        Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.    -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense        types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,        other will let operator to include the amount from figures on        ticket or receipt.    -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will        not allow operator to use this.    -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on        expense type.    -   Expense description.    -   Expense Line total. Both currencies        Employee:    -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.    -   Name and First name    -   Site, phone numbers, email.        Querying and Reporting facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as areport so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported toOffice tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered byany column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in thatorder.

The Expense Reports will be selected under any of the following criteriaor a combination of them: by project, employee, issuing date,authorization date and payment date. Dates searching facilities will bebetter introduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project    -   Employee name    -   Status    -   Approval Date    -   Paid    -   Payment Date    -   Total expenses    -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including theExpense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any datacontained in Employee definition.

Modelling with SOSY Modeller

Phase 1: Classes identification. The process of class identification isa process of finding relevant entities that will hold the Systeminformation. These will be obtained from Requirements definition abovedefining what the program to be written must be able to do. Thefollowing chart has class identifications underscored:

-   -   The system will manage the expense reporting of employees,        expense approvals and payments.    -   Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent        to other currency. Expense line will only allow input in pattern        currency.    -   Employees may present an expense report when they have supported        expenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are        associated to a certain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, associated tickets or receipts will beattached and advances will be reflected. Advances must be discounted outfrom the expense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a personresponsible for the expenses. The authorization process will allowrejection of the expenses if necessary.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by aperson responsible for accounting. Once paid, it will be marked as paid.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.        This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System        program.    -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to        the system operator (may be himself). It will include        explanations for expenses when required.    -   After entering expenses in the system, the employee will issue        the expense report closing the expenses report. Then it will be        pending approval status.    -   A responsible of expenses (employee's manager) will authorise        the expense report if the expenses appear legitimate, and it        will thereafter be in a pending payment status. If no approval        is granted, the expense report will be rejected with a comment        indicating why it has been rejected. The expenses report will        then be set back to an open status to be modified.    -   Payments responsible (an accounts payable person) will approve        the payment. Once approved, the expense report will be marked as        paid and locked. Only payments responsible will be able to        unlock the expenses reports in case of error.    -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as        paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,        advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will        require confirmation of payment.        Detailed Information to be Captured

Expense:

Header and Footer: General Information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.    -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.    -   Project to charge expenses to.    -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies    -   Total expenses. Both currencies    -   Balance. Both currencies    -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.    -   Expenses approval date.    -   Payment date and media.    -   Payment comments, if proceeds.    -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.        Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.    -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense        types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,        other will let operator to include the amount as figures in        ticket.    -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will        not allow operator to use this.    -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on        expense type.    -   Expense description.    -   Expense Line total. Both currencies        Employee:    -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.    -   Name and First name    -   Site, phone numbers, email.        Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as areport so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported toOffice tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered byany column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in thatorder.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or acombination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorizationdate and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be betterintroduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project    -   Employee name    -   Status    -   Approval Date    -   Paid    -   Payment Date    -   Total expenses    -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including theExpense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any datacontained in Employee definition.

FIG. 9A is a screenshot of the dialog box to create the class whichsimply involves giving it a name.

FIG. 9B is screenshot of a graphic interface box showing the classesthat have been defined to store the pertinent information and providethe pertinent services to implement a computer program that meets theabove defined requirements. Defining these classes starts the process ofbuilding the Formal Specification in the high level repository.

FIG. 9C is a screenshot of the dialog box to modify the properties of anaggregation relationship between any two classes specified in the dialogbox. Both inheritance and aggregation relationships have to have beenpreviously created using a dialog box similar to FIG. 9A.

Phase 2: Relationships between classes. This process involves findingAggregations and Inheritances including their properties.

The following chart will underscore these relationships:

-   -   The system will manage the expense reporting of employees,        expense approvals and payments.    -   Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent        to other currency. Expense line will only allow input in pattern        currency.    -   Employees may present an expense report when they have supported        expenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are        associated to a certain project or specific task.    -   At presenting the expense report, associated tickets or receipts        will be attached and advances will be reflected. Advances must        be discounted out from the expense report balance.    -   The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a        responsible of the expenses (employees manager typically). The        authorization process will allow rejection of the expenses if        necessary.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by aresponsible of accounting, Once paid, it will be marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.        This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System.    -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to        the system operator (may be himself). It will include        explanations for expenses when required.    -   Once introduced the information in the system, the employee will        issue it closing the expenses report. Then it will be pending to        be approved.    -   A responsible of expenses will authorise the expenses if        proceeds and it will be pending to be payment approved. If not,        it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it has been        rejected. The expenses report will be then back open to be        modified.    -   Payments responsible will approve the payment. Once approved, it        will lock to be marked as paid. Only payments responsible will        be able to unlock the expenses reports back in case of error.    -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as        paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,        advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will        require confirmation of payment.        Detailed Information to be Captured        Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee Code and Name.    -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.    -   Project to charge expenses to.    -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies    -   Total expenses. Both currencies    -   Balance. Both currencies    -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.    -   Expenses approval date.    -   Payment date and media.    -   Payment comments, if proceeds.    -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.        Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.    -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense        types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,        other will let operator to include the amount as figures in        ticket.    -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will        not allow operator to use this.    -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on        expense type.    -   Expense description.    -   Expense Line total. Both currencies        Employee:    -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.    -   Name and First name    -   Site, phone numbers, email.        Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as areport so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported toOffice tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered byany column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in thatorder.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or acombination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorizationdate and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be betterintroduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project    -   Employee name    -   Status    -   Approval Date    -   Paid    -   Payment Date    -   Total expenses    -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including theExpense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any datacontained in Employee definition.

No inheritance relationship used in this model.

FIG. 10 is a dialog box to create the relationships between specifiedclasses and which graphically shows the relationships so created and allthe properties of those relationships.

Phase 3: Filling in all classes' details. This process involvesidentifying attributes, services and integrity constraints for eachclass. We will focus in Expense class, mark attributes by underscore andmark services in italics.

The system will manage the expense reporting of employees, expenseapprovals and payments. Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency andits equivalent to other currency. Expense line will only allow input inpattern currency.

Employees may present an expense report when they have supportedexpenses on behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses areassociated to a certain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, associated tickets will be attachedand advances will be reflected. Advances must be discounted out from theexpense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a responsibleof the expenses. The authorization process will allow reject theexpenses if necessary.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by aresponsible of accounting. Once paid, it will be marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.        This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System.    -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to        the system operator (may be himself). It will include        explanations for expenses when required.    -   Once introduced the information in the system, the employee will        issue it closing the expenses report. Then it will be pending to        be approved.    -   A responsible of expenses will authorise the expenses if        proceeds and it will be pending to be payment approved. If not,        it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it has been        rejected. The expenses report will be then back open to be        modified.    -   Payments responsible will approve the payment. Once approved, it        will lock to be marked as paid. Only payments responsible        manager will be able to unlock the expenses reports in case of        error.    -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as        paid, indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,        advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will        require confirmation of payment.        Detailed Information to be Captured        Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.    -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.    -   Project to charge expenses to.    -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies    -   Total expenses. Both currencies    -   Balance. Both currencies    -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.    -   Expenses approval date.    -   Payment date and media.    -   Payment comments, if proceeds.    -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.        Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.    -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense        types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,        other will let operator to include the amount as figures in        ticket.    -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will        not allow operator to use this. Prize to apply. Prize per unit        in pattern currency. Depends on expense type.    -   Expense description.    -   Expense Line total. Both currencies        Employee:    -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.    -   Name and First name    -   Site, phone numbers, email.        Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as areport so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported toOffice tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered byany column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in thatorder.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or acombination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorizationdate and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be betterintroduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project    -   Employee name    -   Status    -   Approval Date    -   Paid    -   Payment Date    -   Total expenses    -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including theExpense lines.

Employees will allow to be searched by a combination of any datacontained in Employee definition.

FIG. 11 is comprised of FIG. 11(A) and FIG. 11B. FIG. 11(A) shows thedialog box used to define the attributes for the Expense class withtheir properties. This dialog box is used to define whether eachattribute is constant, variable or derived, the type of data it containsand other things. FIG. 11B is the dialog box used to fill in theformulas used for derivation of the values of attributes of classes fromthe values of other attributes. The difference between the derivationformulas and the formulas defined in the functional model dialog box isthat the formulas defined using the functional model dialog box changethe values of attributes when services are performed while derivationformulas change the value of attributes only when the values of theother attributes used in the derivation formula change. That is, theformulas defined using the functional model relate services to thevalues of attributes they operate upon. Formulas defined by thederivation dialog box relate the value of one or more attributes to thevalues of other attributes.

Note that some services force the existence of an attribute. Note alsothat items above that seem to the reader to be attributes probably areattributes but not for the expense class and therefore were not marked.

The value of some attributes depends on the value of other attributes ofthe class Expense. These attributes are called Derived. For example theattribute Balance is derived from the attributes Total Expenses andTotal Advances and has the formula: Balance=Total expenses−TotalAdvances, as illustrated in FIG. 11(B) which is a dialog box in whichthe formula to derive this attribute is defined by the modeller.

We will model the status of a expense report according to the markedsituations with one attribute called “Status” which has arbitrarilydecided possible values of: 0=Open (modifying the expense report),1=Closed (pending to be authorized), 2=Authorized (pending to beapproved), 3=Rejected (not authorized), 4=Payment pending (paymentapproved but not paid), 5=Payment Rejected (not allowed to be paid) and6=Paid (the expense has been paid)

FIG. 1 shows a dialog box which a SOSY modeler uses to define theservices of the Expense class with their arguments.

Single services detected, known as events:

-   -   newexpense: Allows to create a new Expense Report. It's a        special service marked as “New” event.    -   delexpense: Allows to delete an existing Expense Report. It's a        special service marked as “Destroy” event.    -   modify: Allows to change some data of an existing Expense        Report. It will change the value of the attributes Cause,        Advances and Exchange.    -   eclose: Mark an existing Expense Report as ready to authorize.    -   authorize: Mark an existing Expense Report as authorized and        ready to be approved.    -   approve: Mark an existing Expense Report as approved for        payment.    -   pay: Mark an existing Expense Report as paid indicating the date        and optional comments.    -   rejectautho: Reject the authorization for an existing Expense        Report marking it as “Rejected” with optional comments.    -   rejectpayment: Reject the payment for an existing Expense Report        with optional comments    -   cancelapprove: Unlocks the expenses report

Complex services detected, marked as local transactions:

-   -   TNEW: Create an new Expense Report. It will use the “newexpense”        event, that will be marked as internal (the interface will not        offer the service marked as “internal”). This service has not be        expressed in Requirements but it's necessary according to the        aggregation relationship with the “PaymentType” class. The        properties of this relationship allows to “New” event to set the        relationship with “PaymentType”, it has no sense until it has        been paid. Encapsulating the “New” event we can set the value of        this relationship to Null.    -   DELETEALL: Delete an existing Expense Report and all its lines.        It will use the “deleteexpense” event, that will be marked as        internal (the interface will not offer the service marked as        “internal”). This service has not be expressed in Requirements        but it's necessary according to the aggregation relationship        with the “ExpenseLine” class. The properties of this        relationship express that an existing Expense Report can not be        delete while having lines.    -   TPAY: According to the requirement “Once the payment has been        done, the Expenses Report is marked as paid indicating date and        payment media” we need to encapsulated several services.

FIG. 13 is a screenshot of the dialog box used to create one formula ina local transaction carried out by a composed service (single servicesare called events, and composed services are called local transactions).

FIG. 14 a dialog box used by the modeler to enter the integrityconstraint formula and error message text of “Expense” class.

It's obvious, the value of the attribute “Exchange” always must begreater than zero. FIG. 14 is a screenshot of the dialog box the SOSYmodeler uses to define the formula that encodes the integrity constraintand the corresponding error message.

Phase 4: Express evaluations. During this phase, one or more dialogboxes are presented to the SOSY modeler wherein he or she expressesevaluations of what will be the effect of all event for each variableattributes of each class.

This is the process of building the functional model portion of theConceptual Model. The value change of an attribute when an event happensis known as “evaluation”.

FIG. 15 is a dialog box to enter the functional model formulas thatdefine evaluation of the attribute “cause” with the “modify” event (anevent is a single service). The functional model relates servicesmathematically through well-formed formulas to the values of attributesthese services act upon. Note that at box 724, the SOSY modeler has notfilled in an evaluation formula that could be encoded in the final codeto do a calculation to change the value of “cause” when the modify eventoccurs. Instead, as seen from box 726, the value of “cause” will bechanged to whatever the value of the argument “p_cause” of the event“modify” when “modify” is executed.

Phase 5: Agent relationships. A big benefit of our Modeler is that theusers of the system are part of it. Users are active objects (requestservices of other classes) and the different “profiles”, i.e., users,are represented as agent classes. We must express which services of anyclass can be executed by every “profile”. Also, we must express thevisibility of class attributes for every “profile” so that the objectsystem view can be presented properly by the user interface when theuser logs in

FIG. 16 is a dialog box which can be used by the SOSY modeller toestablish the services the user “accountuser” can access and thevisibility of class attributes for this user on the user interface.

Phase 6: State transition diagram. It's required for proper constructionof the Conceptual Model to express the correct life cycle for everyclass of the model, indicating the correct order of execution for allthe class services. Also, we can express conditions that must besatisfied in order to allow the execution of a service, which are called“preconditions”.

FIG. 17 is one of the two graphical user interface diagrams of thedynamic model on which the SOSY modeler has drawn a graphic illustratingthe state transitions for the “expense” class. Each state in the statetransition diagram represents a valid state for the object andrepresents one of the “valid lives” and really is one of the unseenattributes of the expense class. An object can only enter one of thedisplayed states if the corresponding service has been thrown totransition to it from a previous state.

According to last paragraph of the Procedure in the requirements, if theAdvances are greater than total expenses, the system must force theconfirmation of the account user. It is expressed as a precondition inthe “TPAY” transaction. FIG. 18 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modelerto establish this precondition.

Phase 7: Presentation Model. Finally, we can complete the ConceptualModel with the user interface requirements. We focus on Expense class.The following chart will mark by underscore the set of attributes to bedisplayed and will mark the searching criteria by setting them off initalics

The system will manage the expense reporting of employees, expenseapprovals and payments.

Expenses will reflect both: pattern currency and its equivalent to othercurrency. Expense line will only allow input in pattern currency.

Employees may present a expense report when they have supported expenseson behalf of the company. Typically, the expenses are associated to acertain project or specific task.

At presenting the expense report, associated tickets will be attachedand advances will be reflected. Advances must be discounted out from theexpense report balance.

The expense report, once presented, must be authorized by a responsibleof the expenses. The authorization process will allow reject theexpenses if proceed.

Once authorized, the expense report will be approved for payment by aresponsible of accounting, Once paid, it will be marked as so.

The Procedure will be as follows:

-   -   Prior to any expense, the employee may request money in advance.        This will not be reflected in the Expenses Management System.    -   The employee will provide all expenses and advances tickets to        the system operator (may be himself). It will include        explanations for expenses when required.    -   Once introduced the information in the system, the employee will        issue it closing the expenses report. Then it will be pending to        be approved.    -   A responsible of expenses will authorise the expenses if        proceeds and it will be pending to be payment approved. If not,        it will be rejected with a comment indicating why it has been        rejected. The expenses report will be then back open to be        modified.    -   A payments responsible will approve the payment. Once approved,        it will locked to be marked as paid. Only a payments responsible        will be able to unlock the expenses reports back in case of        error.    -   Once the payment has been done, the Expenses Report is marked as        paid indicating date and payment media. If balance was debit,        advances were bigger that expenses, a warning message will        require confirmation of payment.        Detailed Information to be Captured        Expense:

Header and footer: General information of the Expense.

-   -   Employee: Code and Name.    -   Trip cause, visit to or general expense cause.    -   Project to charge expenses to.    -   Total advanced amount. Both currencies    -   Total expenses. Both currencies    -   Balance. Both currencies    -   Date of Expenses Report issuing.    -   Expenses approval date.    -   Payment date and media.    -   Payment comments, if proceeds.    -   Rejection cause, if proceeds.        Expense Line:

Each line details a certain expense.

Including:

-   -   Expense date.    -   Expense Type: (Car usage in Km, allowance, etc.) Some expense        types will have a fixed price, some will perform a calculation,        other will let operator to include the amount as figures in        ticket.    -   Units. The meaning will depend on expense type. Some types will        not allow operator to use this.    -   Prize to apply. Prize per unit in pattern currency. Depends on        expense type.    -   Expense description.    -   Expense Line total. Both currencies        Employee:    -   Employee code. This must be unique in the system.    -   Name and First name    -   Site, phone numbers, email.        Querying and Reporting Facilities:

The results of any search in the application may be considered as areport so it must be possible to be printed as well as exported toOffice tools like Word, Excel. It would be desirable to be ordered byany column while it is in the screen and exported or printed in thatorder.

The Expense Reports will be selected under the following criteria or acombination of them: by project, employee, issuing date, authorizationdate, and payment date. Dates searching facilities will be betterintroduced as a period.

The Expense Report will show the following information:

-   -   Project    -   Employee name    -   Status    -   Approval Date    -   Paid    -   Payment Date    -   Total expenses    -   Balance

The Expense Report will be printed under specific format including theExpense lines. Employees will allow to be searched by a combination ofany data contained in Employee definition.

FIG. 19 is a dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish the set ofattributes which will be displayed for the “expense” class.

FIG. 20 shows the dialog box used by the SOSY modeler to establish thesearching criteria for the expense class, and indicate the filterformula to use and which variables to request from the user.

Translation Overview

The validated formal specification 215 is the source for an executionmodel that handles the implementation-dependent features associated witha particular machine representation. To implement the specified system,the way in which users interact with system objects is predefined. FIG.6 is a flow diagram illustrating the high level view of the operation oftranslating a formal specification into working system logic computercode to what it is referred to as “execution model” by the system logictranslator 232 in FIG. 2. FIG. 6 does not set out the details of anyspecific translator to translate the high level repository for anyspecific formal specification into any specific target language workingcomputer. Instead, FIG. 6 defines the steps or functions that allspecies in the subgenus of system logic translators would carry out inone way or another, maybe not in the same exact sequence. But at leastthese functions must be performed. The applicants believe that thetranslators alone may be novel in generating error-free output filesfrom a validated formal language specification. The invention of thissystem logic translator subgenus is this collection of functions workingtogether to create a working computer program and not the details of howthe functions are actually performed for a particular source formallanguage and a particular target language source code output, althoughsuch details are believed to be separately patentable for every formallanguage and target source code combination.

System Logic Translator Genus Defined

The process starts by logging the user into the system and identifyingthe user (step 600). Although this step might be optional in someembodiments, and thus should not be considered a defining characteristicof the subgenus, most applications require the user to be identified andauthenticated so that privilege or access privileges can be implementedto code the system logic to block unauthorized users from performingcertain functions.

An object system view is provided (step 602), determined by the set ofobject attributes and services that the user can see or activate. Inother words, step 602 represents the process of writing code that willquery the high level repository formal specification and determine allthe objects and attributes thereof this user has privileges to see andall the services of those objects this user has privileges to invoke.

After the user is connected and has a clear object system view, he canthen activate any available service in the user's worldview. Among theseservices, there will be observations (object queries), local services,or transactions served by other objects.

Any service activation requires two steps: build the message to send tothe object server including the values for the arguments needed by theservice, and then send the message to the appropriate object server. Theobject server is a piece of computer code that actually controls thecomputer to perform the service. In order to build the message, codemust be written to identify the object server for every service anyauthorized user may wish to invoke (step 604). Steps 608 through 618actually write the code of the object servers that will execute eachavailable service. The existence of the object server is an implicitcondition for executing any service, except for the service new.

Services need arguments to execute. These arguments may come from thedata structure stored attribute values. Also, the user may need tointroduces service arguments for the service being activated. In thelibrary loan example, the service loan needs the arguments as to theidentity of the borrower, the title of the book loaned, and the date ofthe loan. So to build the service activation message, step 606 writescode to retrieve the appropriate service arguments from the requestor(which may be the user or another service) for each service. Thus, thearguments will be supplied from another object server, another programor will be from the user, typically via a interprocess data transferpath from the user interface code written by the user interfacetranslator. Note, in some embodiments, the system logic translator mightbe combined with the user interface translator, so step 606 representsthe process of writing code to gather the arguments from the userdirectly or from another process. Step 606 also writes code to write theservice invocation messages that are directed to the proper objectserver and which contain the proper arguments such that each service maybe properly invoked when a request to do so is received.

Step 608 represents the process of writing code that allows a user oranother process to invoke a service, and when the service is invoked,writes a message with the proper arguments needed by the service andsends it to the object server that carries out the service. Once themessage is sent, the service execution is characterized by theoccurrence of the following sequence of actions in the server objectwhich are the actions that the code written by steps 610 through 618must control the computer to perform in implementing the object server.In other words, steps 610 through 618 write object servers that have thefollowing behaviors. First, the state transitions of every object whichthe object server can alter are checked so as to verify that a validtransition exists for the current object state in the formalspecification for the selected. In other words, step 610 represents thestep of writing object server code for every service which verifiesstate transitions can be validly made (make sense) for the current stateof every object the object server is altering the state of beforeactually altering the state of the object.

Second, step 612 writes code for every object server which checkspreconditions to ensure their satisfaction before acting upon an objectto making a state transition thereof. In other words, the code writtenby step 612 makes sure the precondition associated with each service aresatisfied before the service can be invoked. If either of these eventsis true (a state transition does not make sense, or a precondition hasnot been satisfied), the code written by steps 610 and 612 ignores theservice invocation message, and the service will not be executed.

Next, step 614 writes codes that computes all the valuation calculationsrequired of each object server. To ensure that the service executionleads the object to a valid state, the integrity constraints (step 616)are verified in the final state. In other words, step 616 writes codefor every object server which verifies that any integrity constraints onresults are satisfied, and takes some appropriate action if they are notsuch as flagging an error, etc. If the constraint does not hold, anexception will arise in the code written, and the code written willcontrol the computer such that the previous change of state is ignored.

Step 618 writes code for each object server that will test for theoccurrence of trigger events after an object's state has been changedand take appropriate action if a trigger event has occurred. In otherwords, the code written by step 618 will have the following behavior.After a valid change of state occurs, the set of condition-action rules(triggers) that represents the internal system activity are verified. Ifany of them hold (a trigger event is satisfied), the specified servicein the condition-action rules will be triggered.

Accordingly, the steps illustrated in FIG. 6 guide the implementation ofany program to assure the functional equivalence between the objectsystem specification collected in the Conceptual Model and itsimplementation in an actual programming environment.

In one embodiment of the present invention, several translators may beused to complement the CASE tool 210 to constitute an automatic softwareproduction system. In one implementation, for example, the translatorsproduce an application in accordance with a three-tiered architecture.Particularly, three different translators arise, corresponding to eachtier: a system logic translator 232, a user-interface translator 234,and a database generator 236. In addition, a fourth translator is used,documentation generator 238. These different translators arecharacterized by the output produced and, though potentially having thesame input, each translator focuses on a particular subset ofinformation in the above mentioned high level repository 215.

System Logic Translation: The Details

The system logic translator 232 automatically generates code for a thirdgeneration programming language from information in the high levelrepository. The output of the system logic translator 232 correspondswith the middle-tier in a three-tiered architecture.

In one embodiment, the system logic translator 232 produces source codethat covers the following: (1) communications subsystem, (2) access toand communication with the persistence layer (the database or other filestructure in which the values of all attributes of all objects arestored), (3) standard query services for reading the persistence layercontents, and (4) error handling produced by the persistence layer andclient communications.

The communications subsystem is configured for receiving requests from aclient, invoking internal methods, and returning replies to requesters,that verify the requestor's existence and authorization to perform therequested service; verify the existence and validity of the requestedserver instance; create a copy of the requested server instance inmemory accessing the persistence layer for persistent attributes orcalculating the value of derived ones; validate state transition for therequested service as specified in the state transition diagram 400 inthe Conceptual Model; verify that the requested service's preconditionshold; perform all valuations related to the requested service asspecified in the functional model; verify constraints for the new stateachieved by the requested server instance; check trigger conditions toexecute the corresponding actions; and make changes in the requestedserver instance persistent.

In addition, code is generated for access to and communication with thepersistence layer, service standard queries to read persistence layercontents, and handle errors produced by the persistence layer andcommunications with client.

In one embodiment, the first phase of code generation is the retrievalof information from the Conceptual Model 215 and storage of thisinformation in code generation structures in memory. Three kinds ofelements guide the retrieval of information: classes, globaltransactions, and global functions. Relevant information to be obtainedfrom classes in the Conceptual Model include: name, constant attributes(name, type, requested upon creation, and initialization value formula),variable attributes (name, type, requested upon creation, initializationvalue formula, and null values admittance), derived attributes (name,type, and derivation formula), identification function, events (name,arguments: name and type, and precondition formula), transactions (name,type, arguments: name and type, precondition formula, and transactionformula), valuation formulae, state transitions (initial state, finalstate, service name, valid agents, and transition condition formula),static constraints formulae, dynamic constraints formulae, triggerconditions formulae, ancestor class (name), specialized classes (name,specialization condition formula, precondition redefinitions, andvaluation redefinitions), aggregation relationships (related class,cardinalities, static or dynamic, and role names), and populationselection patterns (filter: name and filter variables, order criteria).

Relevant information to be obtained from global interactions in theConceptual Model include: name, arguments (name and type), and globalinteraction formula. Relevant information to be obtained from globalfunctions in the Conceptual Model: include: name, return type, andarguments (name and type).

Generated code follows a component-based structure, based on the mainunit of information that is found in the Conceptual Model, that is: theclass. Each class in the Conceptual Model yields, in a first approach,several of software components. For example, one component, referred toas a “server component” has an interface comprising a method for eachservice present in the signature of the corresponding class. Anothercomponent, whose interface comprises the methods necessary to query thepopulation of the corresponding class, is called a “query component.” Aparticular kind of executive component is the component relating toglobal interactions defined in the Conceptual Model, whose interfaceconsists of a method per global interaction.

These components constitute the two access points the second or middletier offered to the first or presentation tier. Server componentsreceive requests from the presentation tier that relate to the executionof services, and query components receive requests from the presentationtier that relate with querying the persistence tier. Nevertheless theseare not the only components generated.

Another generated component directly related to a class of theConceptual Model is the one called “Executive Component” and isresponsible for resolving or executing each of the services in thesignature of the corresponding class. This component receives requestfrom its corresponding server component or from other executivecomponents.

Since a main purpose of the executive component is to resolve theservices offered in the class signature, the interface presented by theexecutive component to the other components comprises of a method perservice. Each of these methods is structured according to the executionmodel in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

In other words, the executive component is responsible for the followingoperations: verify the existence and validity for the requested serverinstance; create a copy of the requested server instance in memoryaccessing the persistence layer (by means of the above mentionedcorresponding query component) to retrieve the values of constant andvariable attributes; validate state transition for the requested serviceand the present state of the requested server instance as specified inthe corresponding state transition diagram in the Conceptual Model;verify the satisfaction of the requested service preconditions; modifythe value of the instance variable attributes by performing allvaluations affected by the service as specified in the functional modelof the Conceptual Model, thus changing the state of the requested serverinstance; validate the new state achieved by the requested serverinstance by verifying its static and dynamic restrictions; check triggerconditions to determine which actions should be triggered if needed;communicate with the persistence layer for all persistent attributes ofthe requested server instance. Additionally, if the class is an agent ofany service, another method is added to the interface whose purpose isthat of validating the requestor's existence.

Another kind of executive component is a component related to globalinteractions defined in the Conceptual Model, whose interface consistsof a method per global interaction.

If the class belongs to an inheritance hierarchy, all executivecomponents of the same hierarchy are grouped into a single, specialexecutive component. Nevertheless there would still be one servercomponent per class in the hierarchy.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model gives rise isa component called the “T component”. This component is used to store acopy of the constant and variable attributes of an instance of thecorresponding class, as well as the methods to calculate the value ofits derived attributes. The corresponding query component implements acollection whose items are T components.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model may give riseis a component called “P component”. This component is used to store inmemory the values needed to initialize the constant and variableattributes of the corresponding class when creating an instance of it,or just the values of the attributes that constitute the classidentification mechanism. Such a component appears whenever thecorresponding class is a multi-valued component of an aggregationrelationship.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model may give riseis a component called “PL component”. This component implements acollection whose items are P components, as well as the methods neededto add and get items from the collection, and get the number of items inthe collection. Such a component appears whenever the correspondingclass is a multi-valued component of an aggregation relationship.

Another component to which a class in the Conceptual Model may give riseis a component called “C Components”. This component is used to store inmemory the values needed to initialize the constant and variableattributes of the corresponding class when creating an instance of it.Such a component appears whenever the corresponding class is a temporalor permanent, condition-based, specialization.

Additional components includes a CC component, an error component, atrigger component, a trigger list component, an instance list component,and condition, disjunction, and conjunction components.

The CC component appears whenever there is, at least one temporal orpermanent, condition-based, specialization in the Conceptual Model. TheCC component implements a collection whose items are C components, apair of methods to add and get items to the collection (one pair per Ccomponent generated), and a method to get the number of items in thecollection.

The error component always appears and is used to store informationabout the success or failure of a service execution. The triggercomponent stores information about a satisfied trigger condition so thatthe corresponding action can be later executed. The trigger listcomponent implements a collection whose items are trigger components, aswell as the methods to add an item to the collection, get any item fromthe collection, get the first item and get the number of items in thecollection.

The instance list component implements a collection whose items areexecutive components playing in the execution of a given service. Inaddition to methods used to add an item to the collection, get an item,and get the number of items in the collection, this component implementsa method to empty the collection and another one to look for an instanceby its identification function.

The condition, disjunction and conjunction Components are alwaysgenerated and support the construction of complex boolean expressions,used to query the persistence layer, structured as a conjunction ofdisjunctions. The condition component stores information about a simpleboolean condition, that is: two operands and an operator (+, −, *, /, =,<>, <, <=, >=, >. . . ). The disjunction component implements acollection whose items are condition components (that is, a disjunctionof conditions), as well as methods to add and get a condition from thecollection and a method to get the number of conditions in thecollection. The conjunction component implements a collection whoseitems are disjunction components (that is, a conjunction ofdisjunctions), as well as methods to add and get a disjunction from thecollection and a method to get the number of disjunctions in thecollection.

In addition, two modules are also generated: a global module forgrouping attributes and methods shared through the generated code, and aglobal functions module that groups the code of all global functionsdefined in the Conceptual Model.

Translation Strategy and Architecture

In accordance with one embodiment, code generation is driven by theinformation retrieved from the high level repository 215. Thetranslation process can be divided into four phases: validation of theConceptual Model (performed by validator 220), translation of thecorresponding data model into a relational database management system(performed by database generator 236), retrieval of information from theConceptual Model and storage of this information in memory structuresand finally, generation of files from the information stored in memory(e.g. reading the information in memory structures to generate code inthe target programming language).

Validation of the Conceptual Model is mandatory, while data modeltranslation is optional, but both can be considered as prerequisites tothe other two phases which are the ones strictly related to codegeneration. Translation structures are designed to store inputinformation from the Conceptual Model and all have a method that usesthis information to generate source code in the target programminglanguage.

These translation structures include: a class to store informationneeded to generate server components (server class), a class to storeinformation needed to generate server components for global interactions(global interactions server class), a class to store information neededto generate executive components (analysis class), a class to storeinformation needed to generate executive components for globalinteractions (global interactions analysis class), a class to storeinformation needed to generate executive components for inheritancehierarchies (inheritance hierarchy analysis class), a class to storeinformation needed to generate query components (query class), a classto store information needed to generate T components (T class), a classto store information needed to generate C components (C class), a classto store information needed to generate CC component (CC class), a classto store information needed to generate P components (P class), a classto store information needed to generate PL components (PL class), aclass to store information on the arguments for every service of everyclass in the Conceptual Model (arguments list class), a class to storeinformation on the identification function of every class in theConceptual Model (analysis class list class), classes to generate themethods needed to resolve a service in executive components (eventclass, shared event class, transaction class, interaction class),classes to generate the auxiliary methods needed to resolve a service inboth executive components and executive components for inheritancehierarchies (precondition class, static constraints class, dynamicconstraints class, . . . etc.). classes to generate methods needed inquery and T components (T & Q method classes), a class to generateinheritance-specific methods (inheritance method class), and a class tomonitor the generation process (code generation class).

The code generation class is responsible for retrieving all theinformation needed to generate code and for doing so in the appropriateorder, for writing to files the generated code and organizing it intofiles properly according to the component-based structure. The codegeneration class maintains lists of the above mentioned generationstructures in memory in which information retrieved from the ConceptualModel is to be stored and it later loops through these lists to writethe appropriate files.

The information retrieval process basically comprises a series of loopsthrough the classes in the Conceptual Model to gather all informationneeded, a loop trough global interactions and a loop through globalfunctions in the Conceptual Model.

The last phase in the code generation process covers writing to filesaccording to the component-based structure presented herein. Thisprocess comprises: looping through the lists of instances abovedescribed that maintain the information needed to generate componentsand their attributes and methods, and call each element's codegeneration method; generating global interactions executive component;generating global interactions server component; generating globalfunctions module; and generating standard components.

For each global function in the Conceptual Model, a method is generatedin this module that: has a global function name, has an argument. Foreach argument in that global function with the same name and whose typeis translated into the corresponding one in the target programminglanguage, and its return type is translated too.

User-Interface Translation

The user-interface translator 234 automatically generates source codefor a third generation programming language from information in the highlevel repository. Its output corresponds with the presentation tier in athree-tiered architecture. Thus, the user-interface translator 234provides as output the source code of a component that implements theuser interface functionality. This component is automatically generatedwithout human intervention. The user-interface translator 234 uses asinput data a validated Conceptual Model 215 and offers as output data,source code in a third generation language that implements an equivalentfunctional prototype related to the Conceptual Model the component isderived from.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the user-interfacetranslator 234 produces source code to perform the following: acommunications subsystem able to send requests to a business component,and receive replies; a logon to system for user authentication; and amenu of available services for specific authenticated user. For eachavailable service, frame, screen or data collection dialog of allservice arguments, the user-interface translator 234 generates code thatsets initial values for arguments, validates introduced data (type,range, object existence, etc.), and calling to server activation. Inaddition, the user-interface translator 234 generates code for standardquery services that list all instances status in a class and errorhandling.

Additionally, code is generated for a wider and flexible user-interfaceoperation. In a query service frame, form or screen, the followingfunctionality will be available when a certain instance has beenselected: navigation through relationships with related selected object.This navigation is used to browse among related data items following itsrelated links. Additional functionality includes services activation forselected object; advanced query services including: filters (populationselection), views (status selection), and sorting criteria; and contextkeeping for filling-in known services arguments. Context keeping is auser-facility. Context is data associated to the working userenvironment. This data is useful to provide default values for servicearguments.

For its input, the user-interface translator 234 reads specification 215of a Conceptual Model and stores this kind of information inintermediate structures in memory. The user-interface translator 234 isindependent of the input medium in which the Conceptual Model isprovided. In this way, the intermediate structures can be loaded fromdifferent data sources. The model is iterated in several passes toextract the relevant information in each phase of the translationprocess from the formal specification, including information aboutclasses, aggregation relationships, inheritance relationships, agentrelationships, global interactions, user defined functions, andinterface patterns.

Translated applications are composed by forms that contain theuser-interface offered to final user. A form, in abstract sense, is theinteraction unit with the final user. Forms are translated depending oncapabilities of the target environment to match the requirements: e.g.windows dialogues for Windows environments, HTML pages in Web platforms,applets in Java, etc.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram representing the sequence of functions that alltranslators in the subgenus of user interface translators will perform.The details of how each function is performed will vary from one targetsource code type to the next, but all species will share thecharacteristics of performing the functions of FIG. 7, possibly not inthe same order.

Translated applications supply the user connection to the system. Theuser connection is resolved using an access form to identify andauthenticate the user, block 700. In addition, the translatedapplication provides a system user view, block 702. A user must be ableto access services the user can launch, but should be presented with asystem view that is appropriate to the user's privilege level. Block 702represents the process of looking up the user's privilege level anddetermining which objects the user can have access and presenting asystem view to the user which only allows the user to invoke functionsthat are appropriate to the user's privilege level. The main form isdesigned to accomplish this task.

For each service that can be executed by a user, the translatedapplication locates the appropriate object server code in the systemlogic code previously generated, and generates an activation serviceform which points to the appropriate object server for each service theuser can invoke, block 704.

For each class, the translated application generates a query/selectionform. This form allows users to query data instances, search instancesthat fulfill a given condition, observe related instances and know whichservices can be launched for a given object in its current state, block706. For each service, the translated application furnishesinitialization values for object-valued arguments. Initial data isprovided too by managing information obtained from the browse made bythe user, and any user input arguments for services are checked to makesure they are valid data types for the arguments the data is intended tosupply, and within valid ranges for the arguments the user input data isintended to fill. Blocks 708 and 710. The process represented by block710 also represents the process of writing code to check fordependencies between arguments. If this code finds that a dependencyexists, and a user input triggers a dependency, it displays anappropriate form requesting the user to input data to satisfy thedependency and check that data for valid data type and within anacceptable range.

Block 712 represents the process of writing code to invoke theappropriate object server code when a user makes and input indicating adesire to invoke any service that the user is authorized to invoke, andto pass to that object server the appropriate arguments. Block 714represents the process of writing code to wait for results and displayan error message if an error occurred. If no error occurred, the codewaits for further user input.

The user encounters different scenarios interacting with theapplication. These scenarios lead to defining different types of forms.In the next section, each kind of form will be described.

In the Conceptual Model 215, some classes are defined as agents ofservices classes (called agent classes). That is, if an object is aservice agent it is allowed to request the service. Each agent objectmust be validated, i.e., authenticated before trying to requestservices. The Access Form requests an agent class (selected from a listof valid agents classes), an object identifier and a password. The datacollected is used to verify if there exists a valid agent object that isallowed to access the system.

The Application Main Form contains a menu, where user can view theservices he is allowed to execute. The source code required to implementeach action requested by user is automatically generated.

For each accessible service for at least one agent, a Service Form isgenerated. These forms have an introduction field for each argument theuser must provide. This argument's fields have attached code to validatedata-types, sizes, value-ranges, nulls, etc. (block 710 process).Object-valued fields provide facilities to search the object browsinginformation and filter it. Code is generated to accomplish this task.

Each service argument can take its initial value in three differentways:

1. By Initial values. In the Conceptual Model, the designer can providedefault values for attributes and arguments. If such value exists, codemust be generated to supply the value (block 708).

2. By Context. Context information (for example, a list of recentlyobserved objects) is useful to suggest values to object-valued argumentsthat have the same type as collected ones. A function is generated tosearch appropriate values in the recently visited objects list.

3. By Dependency Pattern. In the Conceptual Model, the system designercan define Dependency Patterns. The Status Recovery pattern is animplicit set of dependency patterns too. In both cases, the change on anargument, can affect values in other arguments. So, the processing ofblock 710 is performed.

Data Validation (block 710) can occur just after data input,interactively warning the user and just before sending data tosystem-logic. Object-valued arguments validation requires checkingobject existence. To support validation, a function is generated foreach service argument. The function is invoked before sending a requestto system-logic.

The code written by one species of the user interface translator worksin the following way. When the user requests service execution, theservice arguments are validated by the code written by block 710. If theservice arguments are valid, system logic is invoked to accomplish theservice by code written by the process of block 712. The message builtto invoke the system-logic uses the formal order to sort the arguments.

After executing the service, the user is informed whether the servicesucceeded or not (block 714). Accordingly, code to validate argumentsand Code to invoke the system-logic with necessary arguments in theformal order are generated. Furthermore, possible errors are returned toinform the user.

The Query/Selection Form permits the querying of objects (that can berestrained by filters) and the selection of an object. When an object isselected, the user can browse to other data items related to the object.In the same way, the user can launch a service of the selected object.

These query/selection forms include graphic items representing filters.A visual component is used to filter the population of a class. Filtersmay contain variables. In such cases, fields for the variables arerequested to users in order to form the condition of the filter. Forexample: Find cars by color, by type and model.

These query/selection forms also include a visual component to showobjects. Inside this component objects that fulfill the filter condition(or every class population if filters are not defined) appear. Theattributes displayed in the component are fixed by a Display Set.

These query/selection forms also include a visual component to launchservices. For example: given a car, the user can launch services inorder to rent the car, return, or sell it. This task is achieved by afunction that determines which service to launch of what object. Thecorresponding Service Form is invoked for each exposed service. Thesequery/selection forms also include a component to initiate browsing. Forexample: given a car, the user can view the driver, the driver's sons,etc. When the user navigates (follows a link from an object) a newquery/selection form is displayed. In the same way that the previouscomponent, there exists code to invoke the next form to display whenuser browses objects. When a query/selection form is reached bynavigation, the form receives information about the previous object inorder to display only the data related to that initial object.

In the applications, visited objects and navigation paths followed byusers are stored in some embodiments. This information is named ContextInformation. When the user browses data between query/selection forms,the path followed is stored. Finally, when the user tries to invoke aservice and a service form is needed, the application can provide, as anextra input to the service form, this contextual information. Then, theService Form uses this data to provide initial values forobject-valuated arguments.

User-Interface Translator Architecture

Using the Conceptual Model 215 used as input, the user-interfacetranslator 234 can retrieve information from memory structures, arelational database, using a query API or any other input source. Anintermediate structure in memory is filled with the Conceptual Modeldata relevant for translating the user-interface component. Intermediatestructure follows an architecture to the one defined in the ConceptualModel schema in which can be queried for classes, services, andattributes for a specific Conceptual Model.

When data is loaded in the intermediate structure, the real translationphase begins. Inside the source code files of the generated application,two types of files can be distinguished. One type of file is a set offiles having fixed contents. These files correspond to structures orauxiliary functions widely used that are always produced in the sameway. These files are generated by dumping byte streams directly from thetranslator to final files in order to create them. Other files stronglydepend from the Conceptual Model that is being processed. Therefore,although these files have a well-defined structure (detailed in theprevious section), they have variable parts depending on the processedmodel. The user-interface translator 234 iterates the Conceptual Modelto extract the relevant data to generate these variable parts.

The translation process for the user-interface translator 234 has thefollowing tasks for the preferred species as part of the genusprocessing symbolized by FIG. 7:

1. Generate the fixed files, e.g. headers, definitions, constants, andauxiliary functions to its respective files.

2. Generate auxiliary widgets (controls or Java Beans) depending on theapplication

3. For each class, generate a query/selection form, an instanceselection component, a specialization component (if class is specializedfrom other class and requires extra initialization). For each serviceclass, also generate a service form.

4. Generate an access form (identification).

5. Generate a main form containing the menu application (block 702).

6. Generate communication functions to reach system-logic server (block704). These functions encapsulate the invocation of services availablein the prototypes.

The Access Form generated as by the code written by block 700 is alittle dialog box containing: a list of agent classes (from this list,the user chooses one), a field where the user provides OID for a validobject instance belonging to the previously selected class and a fieldfor password. This form is mostly generated in a fixed way. The onlyvarying section for each model is the mentioned agent classes list. Byiterating over the model classes list and by checking which classes areagents such agent classes list can be obtained.

In order to provide access to the application's functionality (block704), the services are arranged in an access-hierarchy to be convertedto menu bars (Visual Basic client), HTTP pages (Web client) or any otherstructure that allows browsing. By default, the hierarchy is built byiterating the classes and services in the Conceptual Model. Thehierarchy can be seen as an access tree to the application. For eachclass, a tree item is built labeled with class alias. For each built-initem, this mode has the following items as descendents: an item labeledas ‘Query’ to access a query form; an item for each service defined inthe current class labeled with the service alias; and, in the case ofinheritance relationship with other classes, an item is built for eachdirect subclass labeled with subclass alias. Recursively, the samealgorithm is applied until the inheritance tree is fully explored.

A Service Form requires the following input data extracted from theConceptual Model: Service to generate, service class, arguments list,interface patterns linked to arguments. For each service, a form isgenerated that contains a graphic part and a functional part. Thegraphic part includes a widget attached to each argument that needsinput from the user and a pair of widgets to accept or cancel theservice launch. The functional part includes code to implement theevent-drivers for the previous widgets, to initialize the properties ofthese widgets with default values, to validate introduced values, and toinvoke the service in the system-logic component.

A detailed explanation of how to generate a Service Form follows. First,two argument lists are obtained. The first one corresponds to thearguments defined in the service declaration (FL, Formal List). In thislist, the arguments are sorted by its formal declaration order. Thesecond one contains the same arguments sorted by the presentation order(PL, Presentation List). Both orders are specified in the ConceptualModel.

Iterating through the formal List and for each argument: create a widgetfor each argument that has to be obtained from the user (block 708) andset relevant properties to arguments like: type, size, can be null,Introduction Pattern, Defined Selection Pattern or Population SelectionPattern

Widgets are added for OK and Cancel commands, and graphic positions ofwidgets are arranged so they do not overlap. In one implementation, theform is divided in a logical grid of n columns by n rows and assignpositions from left to right and from top to bottom to convenientlyarrange the widgets. The logical positions are translated to physicalposition in the target language and rearrange action commands in thebottom-right corner of the form. Finally, the form is resized to adjustthe size of data contained therein.

For output, the standard header of a form is dumped to a file. This stepis dependent of the target language selected. Then, the graphic part ofform is dumped to the file, including the definition of basic formproperties, the definition of each widget, and the widgets' actions.

Finally, the source code attached to this form is translated and dumped.This process includes translating generic functions to manage events inthe form, such as open and close events and produce code to assign andfree resources. Also, functions to handle the Status Recovery Patternand dependencies between widgets are translated. Depending on the StatusRecovery Pattern attached to the service, and possible DependencyPatterns defined in the service, code for changing argument values mustbe generated and the code that triggers such dependencies. Thevalidation code is translated too. There are validation methods to checkthe values gathered in the widgets are right. Finally, a function toinvoke the appropriate object server of the system-logic services isgenerated. The function built contains: a reference to system-logicobject where the service is going to be executed; the invocation to amethod that implements the service in the system-logic; and thearguments necessary to such function, constructed from values suppliedfrom the user through widgets (block 712).

In order to generate a query/selection form, the following ConceptualModel information is required: a class and its properties (alias), andthe list of the Population Selection interface patterns defined for theclass. Each pattern contains: a display set, a filter, and a sortcriterion. In case there is no visualization set defined, the list ofattributes belonging to the class is assumed. If a class lacks apopulation selection pattern, the following default values will beassumed: every attribute defined in the class is considered as part ofthe display set, and neither a filter (in this case the whole populationof the class is returned) nor a sort criteria are attached.

Generating a query/selection form also requires information about therelationships of the class. For every class, a form is generated basedon this information and contains a tabular representation of the displaysets of the class, a set of grouped filters that allow to restrictsearch through the population, and a pop-up menu including navigabilitylinks to the classes related to the first one and available services tobe launched over instances of the class.

The generated software component, which has been described before,provides the user-interface client functionality that includes all therequired functionality for both validating and executing a prototypecompliant to the Conceptual Model it has been derived from. Theapplications of the component are: prototyping, to validate theConceptual Model before the user for capturing new requirements; testingto validate the Conceptual Model by the analysts to verify that themodel faithfully reflects the requirements; and ultimate applicationproduction, once the process of requirements capture is completed, thegenerated component can be considered as a final version implementing afunctionally complete and ergonomic user interface. The component can beedited to customize the application to users desires with very littleeffort.

Data Model Translation

In the preferred species, the database generator 236 automaticallydefines a data model in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)according to the validated specification in the high level repository215. In other species, any data structure that at least stored thevalues of all object attributes in a manner that allows at least thesystem logic code and, preferably, the user interface code to retrievethem at will may be coded. The output of the database generator 236corresponds with the persistence tier (database or shared datastructure) in a multi-tiered architecture. In one embodiment this may betrue, but it is not mandatory that the persistence tier in amulti-tiered architecture corresponds with a Relational DatabaseManagement System.

Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a flowchart of the functions thatall species of the subgenus database translator 236 must perform. Thedetails regarding how each function is performed will depend upon theformal language of the high level repository, the source code type ofthe system logic, the operating system in use and the data structurebeing created, but all species will perform the two basic functions ofFIG. 8. Block 720 represents the process of getting the values of allthe attributes of all the classes at the initial time. Block 722represents storing the values of the attributes so obtained in any datastructure format, which could include a relational database. The onlything that is important is that a data structure be created that storesthe entire initial state of all attributes in a structure which can beused by the system logic to subsequently read and write the values ofthese attributes.

From the information in the high level repository about a givenConceptual Model, scripts are generated in order to create and deletetables, constraints (primary and foreign keys) and indexes. Scripts canoptionally be executed in a Relational Database Management System toeffectively create said data model.

From the point of view of relational databases, data is stored in tableswith relationships between them. However, from the object orientedprogramming point of view; data is stored in object hierarchies.

Although the automatic software production system in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention is based on an object orientedmethodology, it is necessary to find a physical data storage system topermanently store data managed by generated applications. Relationaldatabases are preferred, because they are the industry-standard way tostore data and, consequently, use of tables instead of objects would bedesirable. Nevertheless, many object-oriented applications, like thoseproduced in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, canbe compatible with the Relational Model, since the static aspects ofobjects can be stored in tables following a translation process.

The generated data model comprises a set of tables and the correspondingrelationships, as well as constraints on primary and foreign keys andindexes. The generated data model reflects system data with theattributes defined in the classes specification and other classinstances properties like their state, role if they are agents.

Information, gathered from the high level repository 215 and needed toproduce the corresponding data model, focuses on classes and include thename, constant attributes (either emergent or inherited); variableAttributes (either emergent or inherited); identification function;inherited identification function; aggregation relationships (eitheremergent or inherited); and agent information.

Preferably, the generated scripts follow a standard: ANSI SQL 92. Thisfact means that the generated data model can fit any database managementsystem based on ANSI SQL 92, particularly most well known relationaldatabase management systems.

The process to obtain the data model follows these steps: For eachelemental class of the Conceptual Model, a table in the selectedrelational database is created. For each constant or variable attributein the class specification, a field in the table corresponding to theclass is created. The field data type depends on Conceptual Modelattribute data type translated into the target relational database.Derived attributes are not stored in the database since their value willbe calculated upon request by special methods in the server codegenerated.

Primary keys are determined by attributes marked in the Conceptual Modelas being identification attributes. Thus table fields corresponding tothis attributes will constitute the primary key of the table. As aparticular case, tables corresponding to specialized classes, inaddition to fields representing emergent attributes, have fields thatcorrespond to attributes that constitute the primary key of the tablerepresenting their ancestor class. If a specialized class does not havean identification function of its own, these fields, copied from theancestor class, constitute the specialized table primary key. At thesame time, they constitute the foreign key to the parent class table. Onthe other hand, if a specialized class has its own identificationfunction, these fields only constitute a foreign key to the parent classtable.

Aggregation case is more complicated, because aggregation has moredimensions. The aggregation relationship dimensions determine itscardinalities which in turn determine representation in the database: Ifthe relationship is multivalued (maximum cardinality set to M) in bothsenses a new table is added in order to represent this aggregationrelationship. This table has a field for each one that constitutes theprimary key of related tables. The set of all these fields constitutesthe primary key and, individually, fields coming from each relatedtable's primary key, constitute foreign keys to each related table.

If the relationship is univalued (maximum cardinality set to 1) in onesense, the class related with only one instance of the other one copiesthe fields of the primary of the other one. These fields constitute aforeign key to the related class table.

If the relationship is univalued in both senses, any of the tables couldhave the foreign key to the other. The adopted option in this case isthat the aggregate class has the reference to the component class. Withrespect to minimum cardinalities, if minimum cardinality is 0 then thecorresponding field will take null values. Otherwise it will not. Ifidentification dependence exists between two classes then fields of theprimary key of the non-dependent class are copied to the tablecorresponding to the dependent class. They will be part of its primarykey, and be a foreign key to the table of the non-depending class.

Indexes may be generated to optimize searches and reduce response time.For each foreign key, an index will be generated so foreign keys willalso be search indexes.

So far the static aspects of an object have been covered, but somedynamic aspects need also be discussed. The occurrence of servicescharacterize the evolution in an object's life for an object's statechanges whenever a service happens since the value of its attributescharacterize its state. The state transition diagram determines validlives for an object. In order to monitor state transition, a new fieldwill be added to each table corresponding to a class, to store the nameof the state in the state transition diagram in which an object is at agiven instant.

Generated applications must perform user authentication by requestingidentification and password to agents logging on to the system. A newfield will be added to tables corresponding to classes that are agentsof any service in the system, to store the password of said agent.

Documentation Translation

The CASE tool 210 allows for additional information to be introduced atanalysis time, which can be used to generate system's documentation.Accordingly, the documentation generator 238 automatically produces aset of documents including the formal specification, full ConceptualModel details documentation, user's help, and others, from informationin the high level repository 215.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart of the processing steps that every species in thesubgenus documentation translators will have to perform. Step 800represents the process of determining from configuration data or otheruser input which types of support documents are going to be generated.Step 802 represents the process of getting from the Formal Specificationall the appropriate information needed for the requested documents.Typically the information gathered is classes, attributes,relationships, services, arguments, etc. Step 804 represents the processof writing the support documentation in files of the appropriate format.

Due to their different nature, there is a specific generation processfor the formal system specification. The rest of produced documents arebased in a generic data process. This process allows to obtain the samedocuments in different formats and define any new type of document.

CASE tools must provide multiple documents that can be automaticallygenerated from Conceptual Models previously gathered. The documentationgenerator 238 answers the need for information requests and queriesperformed on a Conceptual Model. The documentation generator 238 allowsgeneration of queries, specific manuscripts or well-formed documents inorder to document properly a project.

In a preferred embodiment, complete generation of Conceptual Model isgenerated in an ASCII format with OASIS syntax. OASIS is a formalspecification in an object-oriented language. The OASIS specificationcomprises the part of the Conceptual Model related to analysis of theproblem. Other parts, like interface patterns, are not included in theOASIS specifications.

Document generator provides, by default, general documents, servicesdocuments, and help documents. The general documents include a naturallanguage specification description. The services documents include adetailed description of classes and services. The help documents containan on-line help for generated prototypes.

The Documentation Generator uses as target languages some recognizedstandard formats for documentation: ASCII, plain text, navigational HTMLwith multiple documents, navigational HTML with one document, LaTeX, andRich Text Format (RTF).

This Documentation System is scalable and can be extended to add a newkind of document or target language. Adding a new target language allowsall defined documents to be generated with this new language. In thesame way, adding a new document type will be generated to any supportedtarget language.

In order to produce an OASIS specification, a process iterates over theinformation structures and writes to a file the corresponding textstrings in the OASIS language. In the inner process, the iteration overthe structures can be detailed as: (1) write specification headers; (2)For all class selected to be described: write its OASIS template(attributes, events, derivations, restrictions, preconditions, triggersand process); (3) for all global transaction, write its declaration andOASIS definition; and (4) write the end spec.

A document is generated in an intermediate block language (IBL). In suchlanguage the document is a block of document type and contains n childblocks. Recursively, by continence relation and having fixed a blocktaxonomy, documents can be defined based on block's structures. A blockis a structure that contains the following properties: name, category,block type, block text, and list of contained blocks.

The generation is supported by an algorithm that implements loopsiterating over the Conceptual Model following the order fixed by thedocument. In these iterations, the document is built creating andlinking the blocks that constitute the document.

When the block structure is built, the resultant structure, a tree ofblocks, is processed by a translator to convert it to a document in theselected target language. This algorithm using recursive descentanalysis is capable to convert the blocks to tags in the target languagedepending on the information stored in the block and contained blocks.

As example, a block of type MM_SECCION1 and containing the text “Title”will be translated to the next string HTML equivalent: <H1>Title</H1>

Generating Full Applications

Accordingly, an automatic software production tool is described thatcaptures information requirements, also referred to as “businessprocesses” from a triple perspective: static, dynamic and functional.This allows system designers and analysts to fully capture every aspectof the reality they model.

System Logic Translator is then responsible for gathering all thisinformation, which would have been previously validated to assurecorrectness and completeness, and automatically produce code thatimplements every aspect of the modeled reality. This system logic codehas the following features:

The system logic code is complete and correct. Since informationgathered by the System Logic Translator has been previously validated,produced code can be assured to be both complete and correct thanks tothe set of translation recipes provided. The set of translation recipescover every aspect that can be modeled by an analyst, so everything thatcan be expressed and captured in a Conceptual Model can be translatedinto source code. Every translation recipe assures for correcttranslation thus resulting in error-free source code.

The system logic code is for a full application, not just a prototype.Generated code can be compiled (with the appropriate compiler dependingon the target programming language) and executed “as-is” because it isfully translated from the Conceptual Model information input. Generatedcode is not a mere collection of method skeletons but complete methods.Furthermore, no useless code is produced and no line of code isgenerated more than once. In addition to this, even being the generatedcode well structured and readable, comments can be automaticallygenerated as a means of internal code documentation thus improvingreadability.

The system logic code is robust and includes error checking andhandling. Correctness and completeness allow for the production ofrobust code. According to the information in the Conceptual Model,errors fall into two categories: model or internal errors and externalerrors. Internal errors correspond to properties that must hold at agiven instant according to the Conceptual Model (e.g.: a preconditionthat does not hold, an integrity constraint, violation of a maximumcardinality of an aggregation relationship, etc.) External errorscorrespond to causes alien to the Conceptual Model (e. g.: a systemfailure, a database failure, . . . etc.).

The generated code handles errors according to this classification asfollows: For internal errors, the system logic translator identifiesevery point where an internal error might occur then produces errorchecking and handling code to notify the client about such an error'soccurrence. Again, internal errors can be categorized and given aspecifically defined treatment, such as customizable error messages anderror codes. For external errors, the system logic translator identifiesevery point where an external error might occur then produces errorchecking and handling code to notify the client about such an error'soccurrence. Since external errors cannot be categorized, they aretreated in the same standard way.

Therefore, the automatic production of error checking and handling codefor every possible situation can assure any translation of a ConceptualModel to be robust.

The system logic code handles transactional behavior. The generated codepresents transactional behavior in the sense that the code providesclients a well-defined interface, which allows them to request servicesfrom the system. Those services are executed in a transactional way:every input argument of the service must be provided by the client, thensystem logic performs the corresponding operations and replies to theclient. Services in a Conceptual Model can be in turn decomposed intoactions. The generated code assures for all actions composing a servicebe successfully accomplished or none of them. In addition, changes toobjects affected by the actions a service is divided into do noteffectively take place until all these actions have successfullyterminated. Transactional behavior also enhances integration with legacysystems.

The system logic code is independent from the user interface. Thegenerated code provides a well-defined interface allowing for clients torequest services. But this interface does not depend on the clientsinteracting with it. This allows for a heterogeneous set of clientsinteracting with the same system logic. Thus, clients for a specificsystem logic need only know the interface it will present to them. Thisfeature also enhances integration with legacy systems and decompositionof huge information systems or Conceptual Models into smaller ones,which, thanks to their well-defined interfaces, can interact with eachother.

The system logic code is independent from the persistence layer. Thegenerated code is responsible for interacting with the persistence layerimplementing what is regarded as “persistence services”. These servicesare responsible for: adding, retrieving, updating, and deletinginformation in the persistence layer. These services are necessary forthe system logic to perform its tasks but, in addition to this, systemlogic hides the persistence layer to clients by providing services toperform queries on the persistence layer. This implies that clients neednot know the physical location of the persistence layer; need not knowthe structure of the persistence layer, because they are provided withservices to perform queries on the persistence layer; need not beauthorized users of the persistence layer because access to thepersistence layer is entirely managed by the system logic; and need noteven know that there is a persistence layer.

To sum up, the code automatically produced by the automatic softwareproduction system of one embodiment of the present invention correspondsto that of a true final software application, instead of that of just aprototype. To maintain this distinction, some of the differences betweenthe generated system logic code from that of a prototype are explained.

(1) Completeness: A prototype does not fully cover functionality of aninformation system, nor is it intended for every possible flow ofexecution, while our automatically generated code, being a finalapplication, totally covers the functionality captured in thecorresponding Conceptual Model, as well as every possible flow ofexecution.

(2) Correctness: A prototype aims to verify user's needs andrequirements and verify correctness of execution. The automaticallygenerated code in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention, on the other hand, aims to verify user's needs andrequirements, for it is correctly generated.

(3) Robustness: A prototype is not robust, because the prototype is notproduced with error checking and handling code. Rather, this code is notproduced, typically by hand, until the very last step of codification,where user's needs and requisites have proven to be satisfied and afinal application can then be produced. A final application, such is thecase of our automatically generated code, must come with all the codenecessary to assure robustness. Since this is usually codified by hand,programmers often forget to add such code in many places where needed.This leads to high costs of maintenance and disrupts the balance betweensystem logic code and error checking and handling code. The system logictranslators described herein provides all the necessary (and just thanthe necessary) code to deal with error checking and handling.

(4) Scalability: Prototypes are not scalable because they tend to bediscarded during the process of validating user's needs and requisites.Final applications can be designed to be scalable because they aim tolast much longer than a prototype. Nevertheless scalability impliesfollowing certain guidelines during design phase. With embodiments ofthe invention, system analysts need not worry about scalability becausesuch a task falls under the System Logic Translator 232responsibilities. So, analysts focus on analysis matters knowing thatthe resulting code will be scalable. Furthermore, different ConceptualModels translated by the System Logic Translator can interact with eachother through their well-defined interfaces.

Appendix A attached is a set of power point slides printed on paperwhich explain the operation of the system and give some specificexamples of key operations.

While this invention has been described in connection with what ispresently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment,it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to thedisclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover variousmodifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit andscope of the appended claims.

1. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereoncomputer-readable instructions which, when executed by a computer, causesaid computer to perform the following process: provide user interfacemechanisms by which said computer receives user input data which definesa mandatory creation event which creates an instance of a class, and bywhich a user can optionally enter user input data which defines adestruction event and by which a user can optionally enter input datawhich defines one or more modification events for said class, said classbecoming part of an object model which is the part of a conceptual modelwhich defines all the classes of said conceptual model, said conceptualmodel defining the functionality of a computer program to beautomatically written (hereafter referred to as the target computerprogram), said user input data defining said creation event creating aninstance of a class owning said creation event and defining constant andvariable attributes of said class and providing an initial value for allsaid constant and variable attributes of said instance of said classwhich are required upon creation, said user input also establishing allrequired relationships with instances of classes related with theinstance of the class owning said creation event, and wherein saiddestruction event eliminates all relationships between a given instanceof a class owning said destruction event and related instances ofclasses which have relationships with said class and destroys theinstance of the class owning said destruction event, and wherein saidone or more modification events each uses user input to modify thevalues of one or more variable attributes of a given instance of theclass owning said modification event, the effect of said modificationevents defined by one or more logical or mathematical valuation formulasdefined by user input data which affect the value of one or morevariable attributes upon the occurrence of said modification event;converting said user input data into data structures in the form ofstatements in a formal language having rules of syntax and semanticswhich define a grammar, said statements in said formal language definingan object model having a class having said creation event, and havingsaid destruction and modification events if user input data was entereddefining said destruction and modification events; and using said rulesof syntax and semantics to validate each said statement in said formallanguage specification to ensure it is complete and correct.
 2. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions control said computer to provide userinterface mechanisms by which a user can enter user input data whichdefines said valuations as push-pop, state-independent or discretedomain types of valuations.
 3. The computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 1 wherein said computer-readable instructions control saidcomputer to provide user interface mechanisms in the form of dialogboxes or any other user interface mechanism by which a user can enteruser input data which defines said creation, destruction andmodification events and said valuation formulas.
 4. A computer-readablestorage medium having stored thereon computer-readable instructionswhich, when executed by a computer cause said computer to perform thefollowing process: providing user interface mechanisms by which a usercan enter user input data that defines a class as part of a conceptualmodel of a target computer program to be written, said user input alsodefining services for said class and arguments for said services, eachsaid service being an event or a transaction, each event being a singleservice, said user input data also defining an event owned by saidclass, a variable attribute owned by said class, a valuation condition,if desired, owned by said class, the state of said valuation conditioncontrolling whether or not a valuation also specified by said user inputdata will be performed, said valuation owned by said class, said userinterface mechanisms also allowing the user to enter user input datawhich defines portions of a functional model which is part of saidconceptual model for said target computer program being modeled, saiduser input data selecting a class, a variable attribute of said classand an event of said class, said user input data also defining a statechange for said selected class in the form of a mathematical formulathat defines the effect said valuation has on said variable attribute'svalue upon the occurrence of said selected event if said valuationcondition is satisfied, if a valuation condition was specified by saiduser input data, said class being part of a conceptual model whichdefines the functionality of said target computer program; andconverting said user input data entered via said user interfacemechanisms into data structures in the form of statements written in aformal language which has rules of syntax and rules of semantics whichtogether define a grammar, said statements in said formal languagedefining said class, event, variable attribute, valuation condition, ifspecified, and said valuation's mathematical formula as part of a formallanguage specification which encodes said conceptual model of saidtarget computer program; and using said rules of syntax and said rulesof semantics to validate each said statement written in said formallanguage to ensure each said statement is complete and correct.
 5. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 4 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions stored thereon further control saidcomputer to provide user interface mechanisms by which users may enteruser input data that defines said mathematical formula or Booleanexpression of said valuation in terms of constants, values of inputarguments of said event, said user interface mechanisms also allowing auser to enter input data defining values of other attributes of theclass owning said variable attribute to be affected by said valuation oran ancestor of said class, or values of attributes of other classeswhich are part of said conceptual model or ancestors of classes whichare part of said conceptual model and which are related to said classowning said variable attribute to be affected by said user definedvaluation, and wherein said computer-readable instructions control saidcomputer to convert said user input data entered by said user interfacemechanisms into one or more data structures which define said valuationmathematical formula or Boolean expression as part of said formallanguage specification encoding said conceptual model.
 6. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 4 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions further control said computer to providea user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input datawhich defines said valuation as a “condition-effect” pair comprised of a“valuation condition” and a “valuation effect”, and wherein said userspecified “valuation condition” is defined as a single mathematical orBoolean logic formula which specifies a condition which results in avalue or logical value which can be mapped to only one of two possiblevalues, those values being only true or false, and wherein said“valuation effect” specified by said user input data as part of said“condition-effect” pair is a single mathematical formula which specifieshow the value of said variable attribute specified by said user inputdata and owned by said class is changed if said valuation is performedwhen said event owned by said class and specified by said user inputdata occurs if said condition specified by said user input data is true,and wherein said “valuation condition” specified by said user input datamay be formed in accordance with user input data specifying the use ofconstants, values of input arguments of said event owned by said classand specified by said user input data, values of other attributes ofsaid class owning said variable attribute and specified by said userinput data or an ancestor thereof, or values of attributes of classes orancestors of classes related with the class owning said variableattribute and specified by said user input data, and wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions control said computer to convert saiduser input data entered via said user interface mechanisms into datastructures in the form of one or more statements in said formal languagewhich are cart of said formal language specification encoding saidconceptual model, said one or more formal language statements also beingvalidated using the rules of syntax and semantics of said formallanguage so to ensure said formal language statements are complete andcorrect.
 7. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 4 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer toprovide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter userinput data which defines said valuation such that it has both a“valuation effect” formula and a “valuation condition” formula, saiduser interface mechanisms providing the opportunity to the user to enteruser input data defining said valuation effect formula and saidvaluation condition formula by defining the valuation as the value saidvariable attribute affected by said valuation will take upon occurrenceof said event providing condition evaluates to a Boolean value of true,and said instructions controlling said computer to convert said userinput data to form one or more data structures in the form of one ormore formal language statements which define said valuation which hasboth said valuation effect and said valuation condition as part of saidformal language specification which encodes said conceptual model ofsaid target computer program, said formal language statements also beingvalidated using rules of syntax and semantics of said formal language inwhich said formal language statements are written to ensure each saidformal language statement is complete and correct.
 8. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 4 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer toprovide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter userinput data which defines said valuation such that it has only amathematical formula and no condition, said mathematical formuladefining the value said variable attribute will take unconditionallyupon occurrence of said event[, and said instructions controlling saidcomputer to convert said user input data into one or more datastructures in the form of one or more formal language statements whichimplement said valuation as part of said formal language specificationwhich encodes said conceptual model of said target computer program,said one or more formal language statements being validated using saidrules of syntax and semantics of said formal language so as to ensureeach said formal language statement is complete and correct.
 9. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 4 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer toprovide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter userinput data which defines said valuation such that it falls within one ofthe following three categories: push-pop, state-independent anddiscrete-domain, and said instructions controlling said computer toconvert said user input data into one or more data structures in theform of one or more formal language statements which implement saidvaluation in the selected category as part of said formal languagespecification which encodes said conceptual model of said targetcomputer program, and wherein said rules of syntax and semantics of saidformal language statements are used to validate each said formallanguage statement to ensure it is complete and correct.
 10. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 9 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer toprovide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter userinput data which defines one or more said valuations, each one of whichaffects the value of the same variable attribute specified by said userinput data upon occurrence of the same event specified by said userinput data, regardless of the category of said valuation, if and only ifone of said valuations and only one of them has only a mathematicalformula but no condition and the rest of them compulsorily have both amathematical formula and a condition, and said instructions controllingsaid computer to convert said user input data into one or more datastructures in the form of one or more formal language statements whichimplement said one or more valuations as part of said formal languagespecification which encodes said conceptual model of said targetcomputer program and wherein said rules of syntax and semantics of saidformal language are used to validate said one or more formal languagestatements so as to ensure that each is complete and correct.
 11. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 4 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions stored thereon control said computer toprovide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter userinput data which defines said valuation such that it falls within apush-pop category, said push-pop category valuation being a valuationwherein said event specified by said user input which triggerscalculation of said valuation is implemented as a mathematical formulaso as to increase or decrease the value of said variable attributespecified by said user input data and which is to be affected by saidpush-pop valuation, said increase or decrease being by a given quantityor said push-pop category valuation resulting in resetting the value ofsaid the variable attribute specified by said user input data asaffected by said valuation to a certain value specified by said userinput data, and said instructions controlling said computer to convertsaid user input data into one or more data structures in the form of oneor more formal language statements which implements said push-popvaluation as part of said formal language specification which encodessaid conceptual model of said target computer program, and wherein saidrules of syntax and semantics of said formal language are used tovalidate said one or more formal language statements so as to ensurethat each is complete and correct.
 12. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 4 wherein said computer-readable instructions storedthereon control said computer to provide a user interface mechanismwhich allows a user to enter user input data which defines saidvaluation such that it falls within a state-independent valuationcategory, wherein said state-independent category valuation is one whosemathematical formula provides a new value to the variable attributespecified by said user input data as affected by said valuationregardless of the value said variable attribute has at the time saidevent occurs which triggers evaluation of said valuation's mathematicalformula, and said instructions controlling said computer to convert saiduser input data into one or more data structures in the form of one ormore formal language statements which implement said state-independentvaluation as part of said formal language specification which encodessaid conceptual model of said target computer program, and wherein saidrules of syntax and semantics of said formal language are used tovalidate said said one or more formal language statements to ensure eachis complete and correct.
 13. The computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 4 wherein said computer-readable instructions stored thereoncontrol said computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allowsa user to enter user input data which defines said valuation such thatit falls within a discrete domain category, wherein said discrete domaincategory valuation is one whose mathematical formula provides a newvalue for the variable attribute specified by said user input data asbeing affected by said valuation depending upon the current value ofsaid variable attribute, and said instructions controlling said computerto convert said user input data into one or more data structures in theform of one or more formal language statements which implement saiddiscrete domain valuation as part of said formal language specificationwhich encodes said conceptual model of said target computer program, andwherein said rules of syntax and semantics of said formal languagespecification are used to validate said one or more formal languagestatements so as to ensure that each is complete and correct.
 14. Acomputer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructionsstored thereon, which, when executed by a computer, control saidcomputer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a user toenter user input data which defines a transaction which is a formulawhich expresses the composition of services which make up saidtransaction where a service is part of a class which is part of anobject model which is part of a conceptual model of a target computerprogram to be automatically written and whose functionality is definedby said conceptual model, and wherein said transaction is a molecularexecution unit expressed in terms of a formula that specifies servicesin the form of events or transactions which together comprise saidmolecular execution unit, and said instructions controlling saidcomputer to convert said user input data into one or more datastructures in the form of one or more formal language statements writtenin a formal language which has rules of syntax and semantics whichdefine a grammar, said formal language statements defining saidtransaction, and said instructions controlling said computer to use saidrules of syntax and semantics to validate said formal languagestatements.
 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 14 whereinsaid computer-readable instructions control said computer to provide auser interface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input datawhich defines said transaction in terms of a sequence and/or alternationof services, and said instructions controlling said computer to convertsaid user input data into one or more data structures in the form of oneor more formal language statements written in a formal language whichhas rules of syntax and semantics which define a grammar, said formallanguage statements defining said transaction, and said instructionscontrolling said computer to use said rules of syntax and semantics tovalidate said formal language statements to ensure said formal languagestatements are complete and correct.
 16. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 14 wherein said computer-readable instructions controlsaid computer to provide a user interface mechanism which allows a userto enter user input data which defines said transaction in terms of an“all-or-nothing” execution policy in the sense that the execution ofevery service comprising said transaction must be successful in creatingchanges to the state of the system defined by said conceptual model forthe execution of said transaction to be successful, and the failure inexecution of any service comprising said transaction in creating changesto the state of the system means failure in the execution of saidtransaction and causing an override of the changes to be made to thestate of the system in that the changes made to the state of the systemby any of the services comprising said transaction will be reversed, andwherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer toconvert said user input data into one or more data structures in theform of one or more formal language statements written in a formallanguage, said formal language which has rules of syntax and rules ofsemantics defining a grammar, said one or more formal languagestatements implementing said “all-or-nothing” transaction, and whereinsaid instructions control said computer to use said rules of syntax andsemantics to validate said one or more formal language statements toensure said formal language statements are complete and correct.
 17. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a userinterface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data whichdefines said transaction as a local transaction wherein said one or moreservices which comprise said local transaction are events ortransactions owned by the class or the ancestor of the class which ownssaid transaction which owns said transaction formula, or said one ormore services which comprise said transaction are owned by classesrelated with the class owning the transaction which owns saidtransaction formula, and wherein said computer-readable instructionscontrol said computer to convert said user input data into one or moredata structures in the form of one or more formal language statementswritten in a formal language which has rules of syntax and rules ofsemantics which define a grammar, said one or more formal languagestatements defining said local transaction, said instructions alsocontrolling said computer to use said rules of syntax and semantics tovalidate said one or more formal language statements to ensure each iscomplete and correct.
 18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim14 wherein said computer-readable instructions control said computer toprovide a user interface mechanism which allows a user to enter userinput data which defines said transaction as a global transactionwherein said one or more services which comprise said global transactionare events and/or local transactions owned by any of the class in aconceptual model and/or global transactions; and wherein saidinstructions control said computer to convert said input data whichdefines said transaction into one or more formal language statementswritten in a formal language which has rules of syntax and semantics,said formal language statements defining said global transaction, andwherein said instructions also controlling said computer to use saidrules of syntax and semantics to validate said one or more formallanguage statements to ensure that each is complete and correct.
 19. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a userinterface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data whichdefines said transaction as a local transaction, wherein said one ormore services which comprise said local transaction have arguments whosevalue is determined in said transaction formula by contained formulasformed by constants, values of input arguments of said transaction,values of attributes of the class owning said transaction or an ancestorof it, or values of attributes of classes or ancestors of classesrelated with the class owning said transaction, and wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions control said computer to convert saiduser input data into one or more data structures in the form of one ormore formal language statements written in a formal language havingrules of syntax and rules of semantics which define a grammar, said oneor more formal language statements defining said local transaction, andwherein said instructions control said computer to use said rules ofsyntax and semantics to validate said one or more formal languagestatements to ensure that each is complete and correct.
 20. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 14 wherein saidcomputer-readable instructions control said computer to provide a userinterface mechanism which allows a user to enter user input data whichdefines said transaction as a global transaction, wherein said one ormore services which comprise said global transaction have argumentswhose value is determined in said transaction formula by containedformulas formed by constants, values of input arguments of saidtransaction or values of attributes of any class in said conceptualmodel, said computer-readable instructions also controlling saidcomputer to convert said user input into one or more data structures inthe form of one or more formal language statements written in a formallanguage which has rules of syntax and semantics which define a grammar,and which define said global transactions and wherein said instructionscontrol said computer to use said rules of syntax and semantics tovalidate said one or more formal language statements to ensure that eachis complete and correct.
 21. A process carried out on a computercomprising the steps: providing user interface mechanisms by which auser can enter user input data that defines a class as part of aconceptual model of a target computer program to be written, said userinput also defining services for said class and arguments for saidservices, each said service being an event or a transaction, each eventbeing a single service, said user input data also defining an eventowned by said class, a variable attribute owned by said class, avaluation condition, if desired, owned by said class, the state of saidvaluation condition controlling whether or not a valuation alsospecified by said user input data will be performed, said valuationowned by said class, said user interface mechanisms also allowing theuser to enter user input data which defines portions of a functionalmodel which is part of said conceptual model for said target computerprogram being modeled, said user input data selecting a class, avariable attribute of said class and an event of said class, said userinput data also defining a state change for said selected class in theform of a mathematical formula that defines said valuation and defineshow the occurrence of said selected event causes said valuation to beperformed to affect the value of said selected variable attribute ifsaid valuation condition is satisfied, if a valuation condition wasspecified by said user input data, said class being part of a conceptualmodel which defines the functionality of said target computer program;and converting said user input data entered via said user interfacemechanisms into data structures in the form of a plurality of formallanguage statements written in a formal language having rules of syntaxand semantics which define a grammar, said plurality of formal languagestatements defining said class, event, variable attribute, valuationcondition, if specified, and valuation mathematical formula as part of aformal language specification which encodes said conceptual model ofsaid target computer program; and using said rules of syntax andsemantics to validate said plurality of formal language statements so asto ensure that each is complete and correct.
 22. A computer programmedwith an operating system and one or more other computer programs whichare structured so as to cooperate with said operating system to causethe computer to perform the following process: providing user interfacemechanisms by which a user can enter user input data that defines aclass as part of a conceptual model of a target computer program to bewritten, said user input also defining services for said class andarguments for said services, each said service being an event or atransaction, each event being a single service, said user input dataalso defining an event owned by said class, a variable attribute ownedby said class, a valuation condition, if desired, owned by said class,the state of said valuation condition controlling whether or not avaluation also specified by said user input data will be performed, saidvaluation owned by said class, said user interface mechanisms alsoallowing the user to enter user input data which defines portions of afunctional model which is part of said conceptual model for said targetcomputer program being modeled, said user input data selecting a class,a variable attribute of said class and an event of said class, said userinput data also defining a state change for said selected class in theform of a mathematical formula that defines said valuation and defineshow the occurrence of said selected event causes said valuation to beperformed to affect the value of said selected variable attribute ifsaid valuation condition is satisfied, if a valuation condition wasspecified by said user input data, said class being part of a conceptualmodel which defines the functionality of said target computer program;and converting said user input data entered via said user interfacemechanisms into data structures in the form of a plurality of formallanguage statements written in a formal language which has rules ofsyntax and semantics which define a grammar, said plurality of formallanguage statements defining said class, event, variable attribute,valuation condition, if specified, and valuation mathematical formula aspart of a formal language specification which encodes said conceptualmodel of said target computer program, and using said rules of syntaxand semantics to validate said plurality of formal language statementsto ensure that each is complete and correct.
 23. A process carried outon a computer comprising the steps: providing a user interface mechanismwhich allows a user to enter user input data which defines atransaction, said transaction being a formula which expresses thecomposition of services which make up said transaction where a serviceis part of a class which is part of an object model which is part of aconceptual model of a target computer program to be automaticallywritten and whose functionality is defined by said conceptual model, andwherein said transaction is a molecular execution unit expressed interms of a formula that specifies services in the form of events ortransactions which together comprise said molecular execution unit,controlling said computer to convert said user input data into one ormore data structures in the form of a plurality of formal languagestatements written in a formal language which has rules of syntax andsemantics which define a grammar, said plurality of formal languagestatements defining said transaction; and using said rules of syntax andsemantics to validate each of said formal language statements to ensurethat it is complete and correct.
 24. A computer programmed with anoperating system and one or more other computer programs which cooperatewith said operating system to cause said computer to carry out thefollowing process: providing a user interface mechanism which allows auser to enter user input data which defines a transaction, saidtransaction being a formula which expresses the composition of serviceswhich make up said transaction where a service is part of a class whichis part of an object model which is part of a conceptual model of atarget computer program to be automatically written and whosefunctionality is defined by said conceptual model, and wherein saidtransaction is a molecular execution unit expressed in terms of aformula that specifies services in the form of events or transactionswhich together comprise said molecular execution unit, controlling saidcomputer to convert said user input data into one or more datastructures in the form of a one or more formal language statementswritten in a formal language which has rules of syntax and semanticswhich define a grammar, said plurality of formal language statementsdefining said transaction; and using said rules of syntax and semanticsto validate said one or more formal language statements to ensure thateach is complete and correct.